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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lincoln- Douglas debates
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Lincoln- Douglas debates
- The Lincoln-Douglas debates were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln (Republican) and Stephen Douglas (Democrat) over the position of an Illinois senator. The main issue debated was slavery. In the second debate, Douglas established his Freeport Doctrine, which was an elaboration of popular sovereignty. Douglas ended up being elected to the position. |
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Freeport Doctrine
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Freeport Doctrine
- The Freeport Doctrine was a stance established by Stephen Douglas in the second of the seven Lincoln-Douglas debates. It was an elaboration of the usage of popular sovereignty, and said that although the Dred Scott vs. Sandford case had argued it was not the government’s position to prevent slavery, that it could be on a state-to-state basis. He argued if a territory refused to pass laws favorable to slavery, then it could not exist there, while if they allowed them to be passed, slavery could exist. |
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John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry
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John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry
- John Brown was a radical abolitionist, who had previously orchestrated the Pottawatomie Massacre in response to the Sack of Lawrence in Kansas. In 1859, he planned to seize a federal arsenal in West Virginia, then give the guns to slave, which he believed would lead to a mass uprising that would eventually lead to the end of slavery. However, the national government sent a militia under the control of Robert E. Lee and Brown was hung, while many of his followers were either killed or imprisoned. The South considered it a Northern conspiracy. |
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John C. Breckinridge
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John C. Breckinridge
- Breckinridge was the Southern Democrat’s nominee in the Election of 1860. He received 72 electoral votes. He had previously been the Vice President under Buchanan. Later, he was made the Secretary of War of the Confederate States. |
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John Bell
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John Bell
- Bell was the Constitutional Union Party’s nominee in the Election of 1860. He received 39 electoral votes. The Party was made up of mostly former Whigs and Know-Nothings. They did not take a stance on the issue of slavery and its expansion. |
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Constitutional Union Party
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Constitutional Union Party
- The Constitutional Union Party was founded in 1860 in an attempt to avoid conflict over slavery. The Party was made up of mostly former Whigs and Know-Nothings. They did not take a stance on the issue of slavery and its expansion. John Bell was their nominee in the Election of 1860. |
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Jefferson Davis
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Jefferson Davis
- Davis was a senator from Mississippi before the Civil War, but after the creation of the Confederate States of America, he was made their President. He had previously been Secretary of War under Pierce. He had trouble with his cabinet throughout his term of office, and was considered a despot by the United States government. |
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Confederate States of America
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Confederate States of America
- The Confederate States of America existed from 1861 to 1865. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas initially founded it, but Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee were later added to the Confederacy. It fought the United States in the Civil War, but lost in 1865. |
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Radical Republicans
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Radical Republicans
- The Radical Republicans were a faction of the Republican Party that began in 1854. They were strong opponents of slavery, and, after the Civil War, demanded strong policies against former rebels and lobbied for the civil and voting rights of Freedmen. |
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habeas corpus
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habeas corpus
- Habeas Corpus is the right to a fair trail, and includes the right to petition federal courts in the case of an unlawful imprisonment. Lincoln suspended the right during the Civil War so that secessionists could be arrested without being formally charged to specific offenses. |
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Springfield rifle
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Springfield rifle
- The Springfield rifle refers to the 1861 model of a musket that was used by the United States Army and Marine Corps during the Civil War. They were produced at the Springfield Armory, which is how they received their name. Enfield rifle |
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Enfield rifle
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Enfield rifle
- The Enfield rifle refers to the 1853 model of a musket that was used by the North, but especially the South, in the Civil War. They were produced in England, and had to be imported. |
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Anaconda plan
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Anaconda plan
- The Anaconda plan refers to the plan created by General Winfield Scott in response to the seceding states during the Civil War. He suggested that all Southern ports be blockaded and that an enormous number of troops should go completely through the Confederacy using the Mississippi River. It was called the Anaconda plan because the map resembled that of a snake. However, the plan was not executed, as the United States navy did not have enough ships, and not enough time to gain the proposed number of forces. |
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Cotton diplomacy
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Cotton diplomacy
- Cotton diplomacy was the mindset embodied by the leaders of the confederacy during the Civil War. They believed that their cotton exports to Europe would be enough to finance the war, but Britain did not support them after the government made too many demands. Then the self-embargo method, which was created in President Jefferson’s Embargo Act of 1807, was employed, which stored cotton in warehouses then used to prop up Confederate war bonds to be sold in Europe. This worked for a short time, but the Southern economy was so dependent on cotton that it eventually crashed and the plan did not work. |
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Contraband of war
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Contraband of war
- A “contraband” was a term that originated during the Civil War that referred to a former slave who escaped from the South. The government did not return the escaped slaves, and instead used them as laborers to support the Union, and eventually paid them for their efforts. Many contraband men later joined the United State Colored Troops. |
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Total war
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Total war
- Total war is defined as when laws of war are disregarded. General Grant and President Lincoln originally opposed this method, but they were eventually persuaded. General Phillip Sheridan used this method in the Shenandoah Valley with the elimination of food and supplies. Later, General William Tecumseh Sherman’s March to the Sea used total war by destroying all war resources as they marched. |
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United States Sanitary Commission
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United States Sanitary Commission
- The United States Sanitary Commission was founded in 1861 to help sick and wounded soldiers from the Civil War. The Commission bought and distributed supplies, helped with army rations, tracked down missing, and inspected army camps. Women volunteers were very important to the Commission, including Mary Ann Bickerdyke. |
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Dorothea Dix
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Dorothea Dix
- Dix had been a leader of the Asylum Reform, and during the war, was made the head of the United States nursing corps. |
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Clara Barton
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Clara Barton
- Barton was originally a clerk in the U.S. Patent Office, and later founded the American Red Cross. She was known for assisting to the care of Union soldiers on battlefields, especially at the Battle of Antietam. |
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Andersonville Prison
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Andersonville Prison
- The Andersonville Prison was a Southern jail that held prisoners of war during the Civil War. Because of the decimation of the Southern economy, the camp had insufficient rations and was considered a death camp by many. Three thousand prisoners a month died in the camp, and the commandant was eventually executed. |
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Peace Democrats (Copperheads)
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Peace Democrats (Copperheads)
- The Peace Democrats were a faction of the Democrat party who lobbied against the continuation of the Civil War. They were called “Copperheads” because their opponents viewed them as similar to the concealable poisonous snake. The Peace Democrats were vehemently in favor of a peace conference and truce, and went on to say that the administration was planning to terminate the South and that reconciliation would never be possible, and there would be nationwide revolution. |
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"Sic semper tyrannis!"
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"Sic semper tyrannis!"
- “Sic semper tyrannis,” means “such is always the fate of tyrants” in Latin, and was said to have originated at the assassination of Julius Caesar. It is Virginia’s state motto, and John Wilkes Booth later used it after he assassinated Abraham Lincoln.``` |
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John Wilkes Booth
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John Wilkes Booth
- Booth was a pro-Confederate actor from Maryland who assassinated President Lincoln in 1865. He shot Lincoln in Ford’s Theater, then shouted “sic semper tyrannis!” He was later caught and killed in Virginia. |
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Crittenden compromise
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an unsuccessful proposal introduced by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden on December 18, 1860. It aimed to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860–1861 by addressing the grievances that led the slave states of the United States to contemplate secession from the United States.
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Fort Sumter
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a Third System masonry sea fort located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. The fort is best known as the site upon which the shots initiating the American Civil War were fired, at the Battle of Fort Sumter.
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Confederacy’s Conscription Act
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All able-bodied white men aged eighteen to thirty-five were required to serve in the military for three years. Subsequent amendments raised the age limit to forty- five and then to fifty, and lowered it to seventeen.
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Morrill Tariff
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a key element of the platform of the new Republican Party, and it appealed to industrialists and factory workers as a way to foster rapid industrial growth by limiting competition from lower-wage industries in Europe. It had been opposed by cotton planters, but they had mostly left the United States Congress when it was finally passed.
aised rates to protect and encourage industry and the high wages of industrial workers. |
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Legal Tender Act (1862)
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authorized issuance of paper money, United States Notes, to finance the war without raising taxes.[4] The paper money depreciated in terms of gold and became the subject of controversy, particularly because debts contracted earlier could be paid in this cheaper currency.[5]
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Homestead Act of 1860
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would have made land available for 25 cents per acre. This act was passed by the United States Congress, but was ultimately vetoed by President James Buchanan.
gave an applicant ownership of land, |
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Morrill Land Grant Act
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that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges
allowed many states to receive land to build colleges. Without this grant, many states would not have been able to afford the land needed. 1862 |
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National Bank Act
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1863
United States federal banking acts that established a system of national banks for banks, and created the United States National Banking System. They encouraged development of a national currency backed by bank holdings of U.S. Treasury securities and established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency as part of the United States Department of the Treasury and authorized the Comptroller to examine and regulate nationally chartered banks. The legacy of the Act is its impact on the national banking system as it stands today and its support of a uniform U.S. banking policy. |
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ex parte merrymen
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U.S. federal court case which arose out of the American Civil War. It was a test of the authority of the President to suspend "the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus" under the Constitution's Suspension Clause.[1] Chief Justice Roger Taney, sitting as a federal circuit court judge, ruled that the authority to suspend habeas corpus lay with Congress, not the president. President Lincoln ignored the ruling, as did the Army under Lincoln's orders. The case was rendered moot by Lincoln's subsequent order in February 1862 to release almost everyone held as a political prisoner.[2]
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Battle of Antietam
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McClellan met Lee at the Battle of Antietam (or Sharpsburg) on September 17. Although a tactical draw, Antietam proved a strategic victory for the North, for Lee subse- quently called off his invasion and retreated south of the Potomac.
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Irvin McDowell
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Lincoln ordered General Irvin McDowell to attack his former West Point classmate, Confederate general P. G. T
Generel during first battle of bull run but then was fired |
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McClellan
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ommander of the Army of the Potomac, the Union’s main fighting force in the East. Another West Pointer, McClellan had served with distinction in the Mexican War and mastered the art of administration by managing midwestern railroads in the 1850s.
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Army of the Potomac
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main union army, enabled the North to break Bragg’s siege of Chattanooga in November.
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Penninsula Campaign
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Three hundred ships trans- ported seventy thousand men and huge stores of sup- plies to the tip of the peninsula.
Run by McLellan SOuthern Victory |
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Robert E. Lee
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General Robert E. Lee took command of the Confederacy’s Army of Northern Virginia. Confederate General
favored the use of slaves as soldiers on the grounds that if the Confederacy did not arm its slaves, the Union would. |
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General Ambrose Burnside
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serving as governor and a U.S. Senator. As a Union Army general in the American Civil War, he conducted successful campaigns in North Carolina and East Tennessee but was defeated in the disastrous Battle of Fredericksburg and Battle of the Crater, earning his reputation as one of the most incompetent generals of the war.
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Ulysses S. Grant
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a war general in the second half of the Civil War. Under Grant, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military; having effectively ended the war and secession with the surrender of Robert E. Lee's army at Appomattox.[1] As president he led the Radical Republicans in their effort to eliminate all vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery. Upset over uncontrolled violence in the South, President Grant effectively destroyed the Ku Klux Klan in 1871
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fort henry/donelson
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The capture of the fort by Union forces opened the Cumberland River as an avenue for the invasion of the South. The success elevated Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant from an obscure and largely unproven leader to the rank of major general, The battle followed the capture of Fort Henry on February 6
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William Tecumseh Sherman
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General in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States.[1] Military historian B. H. Liddell Hart famously declared that Sherman was "the first modern general".[2]
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Battle of Shiloh
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fought April 6 – 7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. A Union army under Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally at Pittsburg Landing on the west bank of the river. Confederate forces under Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard launched a surprise attack on Grant there. The Confederates achieved considerable success on the first day, but were ultimately defeated on the second day.
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Monitor v. Merrimac (Virginia)
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It was fought over two days, March 8–9, 1862, in Hampton Roads, the first meeting in combat of ironclad warships, inconclusive victory
The preeminent naval powers, Great Britain and France, halted further construction of wooden-hulled ships, and others followed suit |
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Ironclads
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a steam-propelled warship in the early part of the second half of the 19th century, protected by iron or steel armour plates.[1] The ironclad was developed as a result of the vulnerability of wooden warships to explosive or incendiary shells.
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Trent affair
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the USS San Jacinto, commanded by Union Captain Charles Wilkes, intercepted the British mail packet RMS Trent and removed, as contraband of war, two Confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell. The envoys were bound for Great Britain and France to press the Confederacy’s case for diplomatic recognition in Europe.
The initial reaction in the United States was to rally against Britain, threatening war; but President Abraham Lincoln and his top advisors did not want to risk war. |
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Second Confiscation Act
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called for the seizure of land from disloyal citizens (supporters of the Confederacy) in the South as well as the emancipation of their slaves.[1] Under this act, conviction of treason against the U.S. could be punishable by death or carry a minimum prison sentence of five years and a minimum fine of $10,000.[2] This law also stated that any citizen convicted of aiding and abetting any person known to have committed treason against the United States could be imprisoned for up to 10 years and face a maximum fine of $10,000, if convicted.[2]
1862 |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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roclaimed all those enslaved in Confederate territory to be forever free, and ordered the Army (and all segments of the Executive branch) to treat as free all those enslaved in ten states that were still in rebellion, thus applying to 3.1 million of the 4 million slaves in the U.S. 1863
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Freedman's Bureau (1865)
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U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed freedmen (freed slaves) in 1865–1872,[2] during the Reconstruction era of the United States.
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54th Massachusetts Infantry
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one of the first official African American units in the United States during the Civil War. The 1st South Carolina Volunteers (Union) recruited from freed slaves, was the first Union Army regiment organized with African American soldiers in the Civil War, though many had fought in the American Revolution and the War of 1812 on both sides.
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Sea Islands
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a chain of tidal and barrier islands on the Atlantic Ocean coast of the United States. They number over 100, and are located between the mouths of the Santee and St. Johns Rivers along the coast of the U.S. states of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.
spanish colonial missions established there |
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Battle of Gettysburg
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largest number of casualties in the American Civil War[7] and is often described as the war's turning point.[8] Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North.
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Battle of Vicksburg
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1863, union victory, the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
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New York Draft Riots (July 1863) |
violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots were the largest civil insurrection in American history
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