Civil War Final Exam Ids

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General Joseph Hooker

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Assigned command of Army of Potomac January 1863. Commanded at Chancellorsville and failed despite much greater numbers.

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Andersonville

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Built in Georgia in early 1864 for 15,000 POWs, by August 1864 had 33,000 POWs. Worst conditions of all POW camps. Hot-button issue for North and South.

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Battle of Chancellorsville

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Fought from May 1-6, 1863 in Virginia. Hooker vs. Lee, Lee outnumbered 2-1. The US again showed its futility in the Eastern Theater and Lee took his momentum into a northward campaign.

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The Prize Cases

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Held in 1863, these cases were the first challenge of Lincoln's war powers in court. Said Lincoln could only seize commercial ships of belligerent nation. Supreme Court sides with Lincoln.

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Battle of Gettysburg

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Fought from July 1-3 in Pennsylvania. Lee vs. Meade, Lee on northward campaign. Meade won, completely crippling Lee's northward campaign and built huge momentum in combination with Vicksburg in west.

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General Braxton Bragg

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Confederate General appointed head of the Army of Tennessee late 1862. Lead CSA to victory at Chickamauga that proved to have minimal strategic importance as Bragg lost 30% of his men and failed to take Chattanooga.

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"Battle Above the Clouds"

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November 24, 1863 Battle at Lookout Mountain in Tennessee. Grant vs. Bragg, Grant had parts of the Army of Tennessee, Army of the Cumberland and Army of the Potomac working in concert. Hooker takes Lookout Mountain and Union men make a frontal assault on Missionary Ridge, Confederates retreat. This victory completed the cycle of Confederate defeats started at Vicksburg and Gettysburg and confirmed Grant's ability as a general. Johnston replaces Bragg.

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General Early's Washington Raid

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After failed Union assault on Petersburg in July 1864, Early took 14,000 Confederates toward Washington to ease pressure on Richmond. Early was turned away after burning Chambersburg, PA to the ground and levying $220,000 in MD. Sheridan was sent after Early and told to destroy Early and the crops in the Shenandoah Valley.

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54th Massachusetts Regiment

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Authorized in March, 1863 as the first black unit in the US Army during the Civil War. Many equated black participation in the US Army with citizenship. Performed valiantly at Ft Wagner, SC and suffered a casualty rate of almost 50%.

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First Confiscation Act

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Passed in August, 1861 the act allowed Union commanders to confiscate "contraband of war". This amounted to Union commanders not returning escaped slaves to their masters claiming they were materials used for the Confederate war effort. Beginning of thinking that lead to emancipation.

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Wade-Davis Bill

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Passed July 2, 1864 this bill countered Lincoln's policy of allowing formerly Confederate states to start state governments and rejoin the Union when 10% of voters had taken an oath of allegiance. The Wade-Davis Bill required 50% of the voters to take the oath and it required an election of delegates to a state constitutional convention before state officials could be elected. It also forced anyone who wanted to vote for those delegates to take an oath that claimed they had never participated in Confederate activities.

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"Damn the Torpedoes"

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Famous saying of Admiral Farragut from the battle of Mobile Bay. Had his entire fleet speed through mines and torpedoes only lost one ship. Mobile Bay was the last naval stronghold of the Confederacy.

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13th Amendment

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Passed by the House in January 1865, ratified in December 1865. Former Confederate states were forced to ratify under Johnson's plan of reconstruction. Abolished slavery in the U.S.

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General John Bell Hood

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Replaced Johnston as head of Army of Tennessee in July, 1864 because Johnston would not attack Sherman. Hood attacked and suffered heavy losses in Battle of Atlanta. Sherman takes Atlanta and Hood goes into Tennessee with 15,000 on a meaningless mission.

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Sherman's March

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Began in November, 1864, Sherman left Atlanta and planned to punish the Confederacy by fighting a total war all the way to the Atlantic. His march was brutal and destroyed the Confederacy's will to fight. Culminated in the burning of Columbia, SC. It showed that Sherman's 75,000 men could move faster than any force the Confederacy could raise at the time and elevated Sherman's popularity in the North.

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Vicksburg Campaign

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Led by Grant from April to July 1864, this campaign gave the Union complete control of the Mississippi River. Vicksburg was well defended and Grant had no luck with assaults. He decided to lay siege to the city and eventually the city surrendered with the citizenry suffering heavily from hunger. This victory coincided with Gettysburg giving the Union a huge lift and ending any Confederate resistance to Union communication and supply along the Mississippi River.

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Soldier's Letters Home

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Letter writing had become ubiquitous in the 19th century and a reliable mail service during the Civil War fostered the trend. Much of it was done to get news of home or news of the war front. Soldiers generally wrote of the fear of death, the sight of others dying, scenes of personal courage or cowardice and the nature of battle. Grisly scenes were generally omitted.

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Battle of Stone's River

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December 1862, fought between Rosecrans (U) and Bragg (C). 42,000 for Rosecrans, 36,000 for Bragg, highest combined casualty rate of the war. Victory at Stone's River broke the dejected feelings in the North over Fredericksburg and other hard defeats in the winter of 1862.

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Port Royal "Experiment"

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Policy started in SC in 1861 that allowed 10,000 blacks to work the abandoned land of white plantation owners. The blacks did extremely well and turned enough of a profit to buy the land, but Andrew Johnson returned it to its previous owners in 1865.

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Richmond Bread Riot

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April, 1863 in Richmond, VA. Supplies in the Confederacy were running low and were badly managed. Women in Richmond were outraged that food for soldiers in warehouses had gone bad while they went hungry and they began to riot in the streets of Richmond. Jefferson Davis had to be called out to speak with them and quell the riots, which he did by threatening arrests.

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Loyalty Oaths

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These had to be taken in former Confederate States in order for those states to start recognized governments. Also, states had to have 10% of their voting population take the oaths in order to be let back into the Union.

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General George McClellan

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First general of the Army of the Potomac. Mexican-American War hero, extremely popular with troops. Great organizer, but often slow to act when he had vastly superior numbers. Ousted by Lincoln in November, 1862. Later ran against Lincoln in elections of 1864 as Democrat, lost by large margin.

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Battle of Chattanooga

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August 1863. Lincoln wanted Confederacy driven out of Tennessee, ordered parts of the Army of the Cumberland and Army of the Potomac into Tennessee, put Grant in charge. Significant because it ended the Confederate threat to Tennessee and confirmed Grant as Union's top General.

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Battle of Fredericksburg

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December 1862, Burnside vs. Lee. Union suffered over twice as many casualties. Caused much anguish in the North and brought cabinet troubles for Lincoln to a head.

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General William Rosecrans

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Appointed head of Army of the Cumberland before Battle of Stones River in summer 1863. Lost command after losing to Confederates at Chickamauga September 1863.

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Copperheads

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Term of reproach invented by opponents to these Peace Democrats. Greatest strongholds among Butternuts in the Southern Midwest. Wanted Union restored to what it had been (With slavery) and had many episodes of opposing war effort and draft efforts.

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Impressment Act

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Passed in 1863 by the Confederacy in response to the refusal of many farmers and merchants to sell products to the government at low prices. Government often paid for impressed supplies with IOUs that were never paid. Caused many in the south to resent the Confederate Government and even led to some outright insubordination by state governments and civilians (Richmond Bread Riots).

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Columbia, SC

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Capital of SC. Burned by Sherman in Spring 1865. Became point of Confederate resentment toward Union at end and after the war.

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Battle of Cold Harbor

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Fought during Grant's campaign against Richmond in late spring 1864. Grant vs. Lee, Union suffered nearly 7 times as many casualties as Confederacy. Led many to accuse Grant of fighting a war of attrition.

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"Bummers"

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Union foragers or marauders, especially prevalent during Sherman's march to the Atlantic. Caused much of the damage of his march by terrorizing and robbing civilians.

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Battle of Chickamauga

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Fought in September 1863. Bragg vs. Rosecrans, Bragg had been maneuvered out of Tennessee by Rosecrans, sent fake deserters into Union lines to increase false sense of security. Although the battle was an important strategic victory for the Confederacy in stopping Rosecran's southward movement, it cost Bragg almost 30% of his men, a loss not easily replaced for the Confederacy that caused a great deal of bickering among the generals of the Confederate Army of Tennessee.

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"News Walkers"

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Soldiers that would walk from camp fire to camp fire after battles and assess the mood and state of soldiers and the army. This was how many newspapers got their information on the state of the war.

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Battle of the Crater

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Fought in June 1864 during failed assualts on Petersburg. Engineers tunneled under Confederate lines and planted explosives creating a huge crater and hole in the lines. In the confusion, Union troops (mostly black troops) poured into the crater and were massacred by Confederate troops shooting down on them. This loss caused Grant to to call off the assault on Petersburg.

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New York City Draft Riots

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1863, appearance of class bias in draft rules caused outrage in NYC. Target of the rioters were blacks and Republicans. Soldiers had to be rushed in from PA to stop the riots, caused much anti-Irish sentiment in the North.

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Ex Parte Milligan

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Lambden Milliganwas a Peace Democrat who was arrested in 1864 in Indiana for sedition. Though he was eventually released, opponents of Lincoln said it was an abuse of War Powers to try Milligan in a military tribunal court because civilian courts were still intact. The Supreme Court upheld the opponent's position in 1866.

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General Joseph Johnston

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Replaced by Hood as leader of Army of Tennessee in Summer of 1864. Remained mobile, but Sherman never allowed him to entrench in Atlanta Campaign (May-July 1864). Wrongfully accused of poor generalship in campaign as he was outnumbered 2 or 3 to one during the entire campaign.

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Clement Vallandigham

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Ohio Peace Democrat arrested for speaking against the war in 1863. Had led anti-war groups in southern mid-west since start of war and helped print newspapers that encouraged desertion from Union Army. Military commission sentenced him to imprisonment for the duration of the War, but Lincoln commuted the sentence to banishment. Showed Lincoln's war powers when Supreme Court refused to overturn decision in 1864.