Civil Rights Movement

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Powell, Adam Clayton

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Prominent figure in Harlem; Coordinating Committee for Employment; fought for black jobs during depression; organized strikes; first black Congressman from NY (1944-1970)

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Randolph, A. Philip

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Leader of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; successfully negotiated with Pullman company and gained admittance to AFL; leader of March on Washington movement in 1941, which he agreed to call off when FDR gave executive order 8802 which banned discrimination in fed. govt. and created the Committee on Fair Employment Practice, which had little power; helped organize the 1963 March on Washington with MLK and Bayard Rustin

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Robinson, Spotswood

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Member of NAACP Legal Defense Fund; argued Brown v. Board in Supreme Court; later dean of Howard Law School

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Roosevelt, Eleanor

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Acted as the important connection between the FDR administration and civil rights; fought for equal education opportunities

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Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

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FDR’s new deal programs made him a hero among poor blacks even though those same programs gave less to blacks than to whites; needed support of Southern white Democrats for New Deal legislation and so took a passive stance on civil rights issues, such as the anti-lynching bill

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Roosevelt, Teddy

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Believed in genetic hierarchy; invited Booker T. Washington to dinner at White House; openly supported bill in New York state which allowed desegregation of schools

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Rustin, Bayard

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Openly gay, ties to communism; advised MLK on non-violence; principal organizer of 1963 March on Washington; helped organize Journey of Reconciliation in 1947 to test Supreme Court ruling against segregation in interstate travel, precursor to Freedom Rides; helped establish CORE; helped organize SCLC

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SCLC

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference—Originated out of Montgomery Bus Boycott; committed non-violent civil disobedience; supported citizenship schools; led campaign to desegregated downtown Birmingham merchants in 1963; supported 1963 March on Washington; major campaigns in 60’s for voting rights

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Smiley, Glenn

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Advised MLK on non-violence; worked for FOR

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Smith, Rev. Kelly Miller

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President of Nashville chapter of NAACP when Brown v. Board was handed down; founded Nashville Christian Leadership Council which fought to desegregate Nashville lunch counters through nonviolence

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SNCC

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Emerged from April 1960 meetings organized by Ella Baker at Shaw University in Raleigh; initially closely tied to SCLC; supported Freedom Rides in 1961 after CORE had abandoned the route; helped organized 1963 March on Washington; worked for voting rights under Bob Moses

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SRC

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Southern Regional Council; founded in 1919 as an interracial civil rights group; fought against lynching; 50’s—fought to implement Brown decision; 60’s—worked to register thousands of black voters; supported sit-ins

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Till, Emmett

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Fourteen year-old Chicago resident, brutally murdered in 1955 in Money, MS for saying “Bye, baby” to white store clerk; murderers were acquitted; fueled beginning of civil rights movement

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Tilley, Rev. John

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Helped establish SCLC; first exec. director of SCLC; resigned within one year

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Tourgee, Albion

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White lawyer who represented Plessy

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Truman, President

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Desegregated armed forces; established President’s Committee on Civil Rights which investigated the status of civil rights in U.S.; first President to address NAACP; ran on strong civil rights plank of Democratic party in 1948, partly motivated by cold war, caused Strom Thurmond and other southern Dems to walk out of convention

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UNIA

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Established in 1917 by Marcus Garvey; published The Negro World which eventually had a readership of 500,000; 1919—purchased first of many Liberty Halls in NYC, established Black Star Lines; by 1920 UNIA had over 1,000 divisions in over 40 countries; focused on back to Africa movement, nationalism; quickly rose to become one of the largest most powerful civil rights groups in 1920s, but declined after Garvey was arrested and deported in 1925

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Walker, Wyatt

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Third executive director of SCLC after Tilley and Baker

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Wallace, Henry A.

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Ran for President in 1948, Progressive party, NAACP backed; supported end to segregation, full voting rights

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Warren, Chief Justice Earl

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Presided over Supreme Court that turned out many landmark CR cases, including Brown, “one man, one vote,” Cooper v. Aaron

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Washington, Booker T.

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Mixed race, born into slavery, freed at end of civil war; first leader of Tuskegee University; “Great Accomodator”—accused by DuBois/NAACP of not taking a hard enough stance on segregation; thought that confrontation would spell disaster for outnumbered blacks, best way is education with support of whites; friends with many rich whites (Tuskegee Machine), who funded his projects; gave “Atlanta Compromise” speech—encouraged blacks to be faithful and work hard for whites, encouraged whites to hire blacks, warned of the burden blacks could pose if oppression continued, assured whites that blacks would be alright with segregation

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Wells, Ida B.

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Began leading campaigns against segregation in 1884 in Memphis; prominent figure in women’s suffrage movement; led campaign against lynching; founding member of NAACP

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White, Walter

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Exec. Secretary of NAACP 1931-1955; waged campaign for anti-lynching legislation; major force behind Truman’s order desegregating military

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Wilkins, Roy

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Editor of Crisis after DuBois left; assistant NAACP sec. for White; Exec. Secretary/Director of NAACP after White (1955-1977); Anti-communist; believed in reform by legislative means, opposed to militancy and black power

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Williams, Robert

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President of Monroe, NC chapter of NAACP; promoted armed self-defense; defended the two boys in the “Kissing Case”; Freedom Riders stopped by Monroe to protest for desegregation and equal rights; charged with kidnapping when he allowed a white couple to stay at his house to prevent a mob for hurting them

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Wilson, Woodrow

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Segregationist

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Wofford, Harris

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Friend and advisor to MLK; attorney for U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (1954-1958); advisor to JFK pres. camp. in 1960, persuaded JFK to call Coretta Scott King when MLK was imprisoned, won over black vote

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Wright, Mose

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Risked his life to testify at the trial of Emmit Till; pointed out the men that came to take Emmit in the middle of the night, “Dar he”

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Zinn, Howard

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Advised SNCC; wrote book on history of SNCC

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FOR

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Fellowship of Reconciliation; interfaith, pacifist organization; sponsored Journey of Reconciliation with CORE

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Morgan v. Virginia (1946)

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Struck down state laws requiring segregation on interstate travel

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Highlander Folk School

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Provided training and education, esp. nonviolence; trained Rosa Parks before bus boycott; helped develop citizenship schools movement

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Lowery, Joseph

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Helped lead Montgomery bus boycott; founded SCLC with MLK; led 1965 Selma to Montgomery march

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Shuttlesworth, Rev. Fred

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Founded SCLC with MLK; took part in Freedom Rides and sit-ins; influential in Birmingham desegregation

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Cooper v. Aaron (1958)

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Holding: All states are bound by SC ruling; Arkansas must continue with desegregation

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Brown v. Board (1954)

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Overturned the Plessy separate but equal doctrine

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Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960)

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Holding: Cannot setup a voting district in order to disenfranchise blacks

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Lucy v. Adams (1955)

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Holding: Cannot deny admission to university solely on basis of race