Civil Rights Exam Ii

Front 1

Franklin McCain (1942- )

Back 1

One of the four original Greensboro sit-in participants.

Front 2

Floyd Mc Kissick

Back 2

CORE attorney who organized North Carolina sit-ins and later preached black power. He also trained and gave legal assistants to the eager students and then transported them to other sit-in sites.

Front 3

*** Television was instrumental in helping the civil rights movement, the images of the sit-ins transfixed young blacks who regarded Brown as a failure and showed them the new tool to dismantle Jim Crow.

Back 3

*** Television was instrumental in helping the civil rights movement, the images of the sit-ins transfixed young blacks who regarded Brown as a failure and showed them the new tool to dismantle Jim Crow.

Front 4

Cleveland Sellers Jr.

Back 4

SNCC program director and black power advocate. The sit-ins gave Sellers a shot of adrenalin after seeing black beaten and dragged by their hair.

Front 5

Robert Moses

Back 5

Low-key organizer of SNCC’s Freedom Summer project. Moses was inspired by seeing students revolt on television. He was a Harlem math teacher and he joined the southern crusade. He was one of the first to sense a ‘new militant attitude.’ This was his answer to document 5, the problem of being a Negro and at the same time being an American.

Front 6

Doc 5 was written my James Farmer, a sit-in pioneer activist, who defended students who wanted immediate change. This states that the black students have not only read the constitution, but they have study it and the amendments and they know their rights that they are suppose to have. They wanted to solve their problems themselves. The Woolworth sit-in, student leader who made a difference, was an inspiration to the desegregation of over 150 other lunch counter.

Back 6

Doc 5 was written my James Farmer, a sit-in pioneer activist, who defended students who wanted immediate change. This states that the black students have not only read the constitution, but they have study it and the amendments and they know their rights that they are suppose to have. They wanted to solve their problems themselves. The Woolworth sit-in, student leader who made a difference, was an inspiration to the desegregation of over 150 other lunch counter.

Front 7

James Lawson Jr.

Back 7

Clergyman who led the sit-in movement in Nashville, helped found SNCC, joined the Freedom Ride, and conducted workshops for FOR and SCLC.

Front 8

John Lewis

Back 8

Participated in the Nashville sit-ins, Freedom Ride and Selma march; SNCC co-founder and chairman who spoke at the March on Washington; VEP director.

Front 9

Diane Nash

Back 9

A leader of the Nashville student movement who rescued the Freedom Ride.

Front 10

Nashville student Movement

Back 10

The largest, best organized group to conduct nonviolent sit-ins in 1960.

Front 11

No Bail Jail

Back 11

The strategy of filling up the jail cells so that segregation would collapse.

Front 12

Julian Bond

Back 12

SNCC co-founder and communications director.

Front 13

“We Shall Overcome’

Back 13

The philosophy and anthem of the civil rights movement.

Front 14

Stokely Carmichael

Back 14

Organizer of voter registration projects in Mississippi and Lowndes County, Alabama; charismatic SNCC chairman who popularized the term ‘black power.’

Front 15

Leftist

Back 15

A radical view of politics, often supporting socialism and condemning discrimination.

Front 16

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Back 16

This student-run organization was formed after the 1960 sit-ins to organize a community-based movement in the Deep South.

Front 17

Jesse Jackson

Back 17

Headed Operation Breadbasket and PUSH and sought the presidency in the 1980’s.

In Greensboro, most white businesses kept blacks out of restaurants, motels, and theatres, until North Carolina A & T student council president Jesse Jackson led a thousand protesters in the spring of 1963.

Front 18

Harry Belafonte

Back 18

Calypso singer and civil rights fund-raiser.

Front 19

Robert Kennedy

Back 19

US attorney general who enforced federal court orders to desegregate the universities of Mississippi and Alabama.

Front 20

James Farmer

Back 20

CORE co-founder who pioneered the sit-in technique, organized the Freedom Ride, and pushed voter registrations.

Front 21

Freedom Ride

Back 21

CORE’s 1961 demonstration to test whether interstate transportation facilities were desegregated, as t he Supreme Court required.

Front 22

Journey of Reconciliation

Back 22

A 1947 CORE bus ride through the upper South, which was a prototype for the more famous Freedom ride.

Front 23

Edgar J. Hoover

Back 23

FBI director who warred on the civil rights movement and Black Nationalism.

Front 24

Theophilus Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor

Back 24

Birmingham’s public safety commissioner who ordered dogs, nightsticks, and pressure hoses against civil rights demonstrators.

Front 25

Gary Thomas Rowe

Back 25

An Alabama Klansman and a FBI informant.

Front 26

Molotov cocktail

Back 26

A homemade bomb used by the KKK against black activists.

Front 27

Voter Education Project

Back 27

A voter-registration campaign in the Deep South supported by the Kennedy administration and funded by northern foundations.

Front 28

Council of Federated Organizations

Back 28

An umbrella organization that coordinated civil rights groups during Mississippi Freedom Summer.

Front 29

The Battle of Ole Miss was the most serious federal-state confrontation since the Civil War. To stop the mayhem, the president federalized the National Guard-one of whom was Ross Barnett’s son-and sent troops from Memphis to Oxford. After all said and done, this would cost $2.7 million dollars and up to 31,000 army troops, US marshals, and National Guardsmen would be engaged all to protect one black student (p.75).

Back 29

The Battle of Ole Miss was the most serious federal-state confrontation since the Civil War. To stop the mayhem, the president federalized the National Guard-one of whom was Ross Barnett’s son-and sent troops from Memphis to Oxford. After all said and done, this would cost $2.7 million dollars and up to 31,000 army troops, US marshals, and National Guardsmen would be engaged all to protect one black student (p.75).

Front 30

James Meredith

Back 30

First black to enroll at the University of Mississippi; shot during his March against Fear. He believed that his divine responsibility was to crack the color line at OLE Miss.

Front 31

Battle of Ole Miss

Back 31

James Meredith’s integration of the University of Mississippi in 1962.

Front 32

Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals

Back 32

This federal court strongly endorsed racial justice in the Deep South. (The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals threatened the university trustees with contempt for denying Meredith’s registration. The trustees relented, and federal lawyers obtained a court order that forbade the governor from blocking Meredith’s registration.

Front 33

John Minor Wisdom

Back 33

Fifth US Circuit Court Judge who helped dismantles Jim Crow.

Front 34

Ross Barnett

Back 34

Mississippi governor who temporarily blocked James Meredith from entering the University of Mississippi.

Unwilling to surrender, governor Ross Barnett decried Meredith's admission to Ole Miss as 'our greatest crisis since the War Between the States.' Beholden to the Citizens' Council, Barnett held out for six more weeks until Ole Miss erupted in gunfire. The grandstanding governor, whose father was a Confederate veteran, stirred up racial hatred to divert attention from repeated gaffes, a sale tax hike, and a scandal over gold-plated faucets in his mansion. Resurrecting the discredited doctrine of states' rights, Barnett interposed the 'sovereignty' of Mississippi against federal authority over education, vowing that 'No school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your governor...We will not drink from the cup of genocide.' Appealing to white fears, he claimed that 'there is no case in history where the Caucasian race has survived social integration. We must either submit to the unlawful dictate of the federal government or stand up like men and tell them, "NEVER!" The governor's incendiary words encouraged the violence that followed.

Front 35

Standing in the Door

Back 35

The vow of the Alabama governor, George Wallace, to block black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama in 1963.

Front 36

Charles Sherrod

Back 36

SNCC organizer of the Albany Movement

Front 37

Albany Movement

Back 37

SNCC’S stalemated campaign in Albany, Georgia. The movement was formed because of SNCC and the NAACP leaders this partnership called Albany Movement which was led by William Anderson.

Front 38

Bernice Johnson-Reagon

Back 38

Albany protester and founder of Sweet Honey in the Rock, a choral group that sings civil rights standards.

Front 39

Laurie Pritchett

Back 39

Police chief who stifled the Albany Movement by using restraint.

He had studied the Montgomery bus boycott and Freedom Ride and concluded that violence attracted the media like bees to pollen, which then pressured the federal government to intervene. So to prevent any 'nigger organization' from taking over the town, the chief arrested demonstrators with a velvet fist and received glowing press coverage. The beatings took place off-camera. Most effectively, Pritchett undercut the jails up to thirty miles away. In a war of attrition, the Albany Movement ran out of marchers before Pritchett ran out of jails.

Front 40

Black Muslims

Back 40

A reference to members of the Nation of Islam.

Front 41

Malcolm X

Back 41

Fiery Nation of Islam minister who mocked the civil rights movement before being murdered.

Front 42

Project Confrontation

Back 42

This was the code name for the 1963 civil rights demonstrations in Birmingham. The civil rights movement was clearly at cross-roads, and the C- project was planed and devised by King in order to desegregate Birmingham. The blacks christened their community ‘Dynamite Hill’ and their city ‘Bombingham,’ because of it’s violent past. King believed that Birmingham could greatly help the civil rights movement.

Front 43

Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights

Back 43

Fred Shuttleworth founded this movement when NAACP was banned for its role in the Montgomery bus boycott. This organization replaced Birmingham’s NAACP, which was outlawed in 1956.

Front 44

Letter from Birmingham jail

Back 44

Martin Luther King’s response to white clergymen who thought the civil rights movement was ill-timed.

After a week in jail, he was released on bail, only to notice that the demonstrations had fizzled out. This would lead to the call for a children’s crusade by James Bevel. He would state, ‘We’re doing what we’re doing for the next generation, so why shouldn’t the kids join the struggle?’

Front 45

Durke Marshall

Back 45

US assistant attorney general who handled the Kennedy administration’s response to civil rights demonstrations.

Front 46

James Baldwin

Back 46

He was an expatriate writer who warned of racial conflagration if the civil rights movement failed. He blame whites for de-humanizing blacks through ’torture, castration, infanticide, rape, death and humiliation.’ In his best selling work, The Fire Next Time, Baldwin forecasts an imminent racial violence unless ‘total liberation’ was forthcoming.

Front 47

Twenty-fourth Amendment

Back 47

This 1964 constitutional amendment outlawed poll taxes in federal elections

The Kennedy's congratulated themselves on the Birmingham agreement, but ignored warnings that race relations remained in dire need of repair.

(James Baldwin comments)

Such sentiments.led attorney general Robert Kennedy to set up a freewheeling meeting in his New York apartment with Baldwin and other black intellectuals and activists, including psychologist Kenneth Clark, playwright Lorraine Hansberry, singers Harry Belafonte and Lena Horne, and freedom rider Jerome Smith. For three hours, the group cursed Kennedy as the devil incarnate. 'What is it you want me to do?' Kennedy kept asking. Inside, the attorney general deeply resented such ingratitude over his brother's record. This was Kennedy's first exposure to the deep sense of black alienation in America, and, as Baldwin hoped, the federal government took a more active role in securing civil rights. The Kennedy administration filed a record 57 voting rights suits, appointed forty blacks to important posts, including Thurgood Marshall to a federal appeals court, and endorsed the 24th Amendment that banned poll taxes in federal elections.

Front 48

Vivian Malone

Back 48

Desegregated the University of Alabama along with James Hood. This student sought admission to the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. Wallace tried to stop her, but a federal judge ordered the university to admit her in the summer of 1963. Gov. Wallace up to his old tricks had to be pressured from the Kennedy administration, to back down. Wallace stated to the state attorney general, ‘Send the Justice Department word, I ain’t compromising with anybody. I’m gonna [make the federal government] bring troops into this state,’ (p.85).

Front 49

Gloria Richardson

Back 49

Led a SNCC affiliate in Maryland called, The Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee. She was described as a Joan of Arc type.

Front 50

March on Washington

Back 50

This demonstration for black jobs and freedom on 28 August 1963 was the largest yet in US history. Black unemployment was twice the rate for whites and black families earned about half what an average white family did. A. Philip Randolph suggested that this might be the national gesture for economic reform that could prod politicians to double the minimum wage and create a large federal job program.

* This would help shift the Civil Rights struggle from a regional to a national campaign (p87), and this massive demonstration would be the movement’s high-water mark.

Front 51

Whitney Young

Back 51

Urban League executive secretary who was nicknamed the movement’s ‘chairman of the board’ for his mediation skills.

Front 52

Walter Reuther

Back 52

UAW president and financial backer of civil rights campaigns.

Front 53

Bob Chambliss

Back 53

Birmingham Klansman who murdered four black girls in their church. In order to find ‘Dynamite Bob’ Chambliss, a 59 year-old truck driver, the FBI agents launched the nation’s greatest manhunt since gangster John Dillinger.

Front 54

Medgar Evers

Back 54

Murdered Mississippi NAACP field secretary.

Front 55

Amzie Moore

Back 55

Businessman and NAACP activist who invited SNCC to transform Mississippi.

Front 56

Aaron Henry

Back 56

Pharmacist who headed Mississippi’s NAACP, COFO, and MFDF.

Front 57

James Forman

Back 57

Former SNCC executive secretary who demanded reparations for slavery. He thought, ‘the FBI was a farce…It was all too clear whose side Uncle Sam was on.’

Front 58

Fannie Lou Hamer

Back 58

Dynamic Mississippi SNCC organizer and MFDP co-founder. She first heard it was her ‘right as human beings to register and vote’ when James Bevel came to her church.

Front 59

Byron de la Beckwith

Back 59

Murdered Mississippi NAACP leader Medgar Evers. With a deadlocked jury, Beckwith was released and returned home to welcoming banners and a parade. He was noted for saying ‘Killing that nigger gave me no more inner discomfort than our wives endure when they give birth to our children.’ Also, he later ran for lieutenant governor with the slogan he was a ‘straight shooter.’

Front 60

Freedom Summer

Back 60

A massive 1964 project by SNCC and CORE to recruit northern college students to register Mississippi blacks to vote. Bob Moses was the motivator behind the summer project.

Front 61

Sam Bowers

Back 61

Mississippi KKK leader who ordered the murder of blacks.

Front 62

Michael Schwerner

Back 62

White CORE worker murdered by Mississippi Klansmen at the start of Freedom Summer.

Front 63

James Chaney

Back 63

CORE worker murdered by Mississippi Klansmen t the start of Freedom Summer.

Front 64

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Back 64

At the 1964 national Democratic convention, this mainly black contingent challenged the legitimacy of the all-white state delegation.

Front 65

Amelia Boynton

Back 65

Local leader of the Selma Campaign.

Front 66

James Clark Jr

Back 66

Dallas county sheriff whose violence swelled the Selma demonstrations.

Front 67

Jimmie Lee Jackson

Back 67

Civil rights activist whose killing inspired the Selma-to-Montgomery voting-rights march.

Front 68

Selma to Montgomery March

Back 68

A 1965 march across Alabama led by Martin Luther King to dramatize the need for a federal voter registration law.

Front 69

James Reeb

Back 69

White clergyman beaten to death in Selma.

Front 70

Viola Liuzzo

Back 70

White Detroit mother murdered by Klansmen for helping the Selma march.

Tragedy struck hours after King's speech, eliminating any doubt that a voting rights law was needed. Birmingham klansmen chased down Viola Liuzzo, a red-haired mother of five who was married to a Detroit union official. As an NAACP member, she volunteered to use her car to shuttle civil rights workers through 'Bloody Lowndes' county between Selma and Montgomery. The klansmen were enraged that Liuzzo violated a southern taboo by letting a young black male, Leroy Moton, ride with her. Traveling at 90 m.p.h. the klansmen pulled their red-and-white Chevrolet alongside Liuzzo's Oldsmobile and shot her in the face. Her car kept rolling for a while, but the killer assured another klansman: 'Baby Brother, don't worry about it. That bitch and that bastard are dead and in hell. I don't miss.' Liuzzo was indeed dead while a blood-spattered Moton survivied by pretending to be dead.

Front 71

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Back 71

This federal law banned literacy tests an intimidation at the polls, and dispatched federal registrars to locales where voting totals fell below 50 per cent of those eligible.