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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are 3 sources of acetyl-Co-A precursors?
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-amino acids
-fatty acids -pyruvate |
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What are the 3 parts of coenzyme A?
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-beta-mercaptoethylamine
-pantothenic acid -3'-phosphoadenosine diphosphate |
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What are the 3 benefits of having pyruvate dehydrogenase complex be a multienzyme complex?
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-no need for product diffusion to get from one enzyme to the next (increase reaction time)
-intermediates are in same space (increase concentration and reaction speed) -competing compounds are prevented from entering active site (increase fidelity) |
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Describe beriberi disease and the available treatment options
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-thiamine deficiency
-thiamine is precursor to TPP, so low levels means can't oxidize pyruvate -bacteria, fungi, and plants produce thiamine, animals obtain from diet -loss of neural function -treatment: injection or tablets of thiamine hydrochloride |
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how is the citric acid cycle an amphibolic pathway?
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-oxidizes fatty acids, amino acids, carbohydrates
-provide precursors for biosynthetic pathways |
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what is an anaplerotic reaction?
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reaction that forms intermediates for a metabolic reaction
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what is the most important anaplerotic reaction in mammals?
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-in liver and kidney
-reversible carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate |
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What are the 3 regulatory steps of the citric acid cycle?
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-citrate synthase
-isocitrate dehydrogenase -alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
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What are some common negative allosteric inhibitors of the regulatory enzymes of the citric acid cycle?
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-NADH
-ATP -succinyl-CoA, citrate -fatty acids |
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What are some common positive allosteric modulators of the citric acid cycle?
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-Cat2+
-ADP -AMP -CoA -NAD+ |
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Where would tumors grow if there were a mutation in the fumarase enzyme?
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smooth muscle and kidney
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Where would tumors grow if there were mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme?
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adrenal glands
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Why do tumors grow?
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-accumulation of fumarate or succinate in the cell induces hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF-1) in the cell, which produces a pseudohypoxic environment
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