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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What molecule follows isocitrate in the citric acid cycle?
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(alpha )-ketoglutarate
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What enzyme converts isocitrate to (alpha) ketoglutarate?
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isocitrate dehydrogenase
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In between which two molecules does the first CO2 get released in the citric acid cycle?
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Isocitrate and (Alpha)-ketoglutarate
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When acetal CoA enters the citric acid cycle, it combines with which molecule?
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Oxaloacetate
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In the pyruvate dehydrogenase step, what occurs?
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CoAsh combines with the acetal group. NAD is reduced to NADH+H+, which means that pyruvate is oxidized in its step to acetalCoA.
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at the beginning of Kreb's there is a combination of acetalCoA which is ______ carbons, and oxaloacetate, which is ________ carbons, to make citrate with a total of ________ carbons.
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2 carbons in acetalCoa
4 carbons in oxaloacetate 6 carbons in Citrate |
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What action takes place between the molecules citrate and isocitrate. What enzyme is involved in this step?
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Isomerazation. The -OH on the 2nd carbon moves to the 3rd Carbon.
-aconitate is the enzyme involved. |
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In between which two molecules does the second CO2 get released in the citric acid cycle?
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Between (alpha)-ketogluterate and Succinyl Coa
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What happens in the step byetween (alpha)-ketogluterate and Succinyl Coa?
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HSCoA comes in to form the succinate CoA. CO2 leaves and NAD is reduced to NADH. This means that (alpha)-ketogluterate is oxidized.
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What carbon is oxidized in (alpha)-ketogluterate when it is converted to succinyl CoA by the enzyme alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase
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The Ketone carbon is oxidized with the thioester linkage. Use to be a C-C bond, but that C was part of the CO2.
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What is the point of the cycle from steps 5-8?
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-Get back to oxoaloacetate
-Harness all the energy from reducing the oxidized molecule |
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Inbetween succinyl CoA and Succinate, what is involved in this conversion?
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(GTP and HSCOA COME OUT!!)
-GDP takes inorganic +Pi to make GTP -HSCoA comes out -Succinyl CoA Synthase is the enzyme |
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What is the enzyme used to convert succinate to fumarate?
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Succinate Dehydrogenase
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What is released from Succinate when it is converted to fumerate?
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FADH2 ---> Succinate is being oxidized because FAD is an oxidizing agent.
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What is the enzyme used to conver fumerate to malate?
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Fumerase (Water is added in this conversion)
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In the conversion of succinate to fumerate, what is happening to the original molecule?
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Succinate is oxidized by FAD to create fumerate. Creates a double bond.
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In the conversion of fumerate to malate, what is happening to the original molecule?
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This is an addition reaction, of H2O to the double bond on fumerate.
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In the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate, what is happening to the original molecule?
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The -OH that took part in the previous step (fumerate to malate), gets oxidized to a ketone.
This means a NAD+ goes to an NADH+H. |
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What is the enzyme used to conver malate to oxalocetate?
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Malate dehydrogenase
(Involved in the conversion of the -OH to a ketone) |
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How many NADH are involved in each turn of the krebs? FADH2? GTP? HSCOA?
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-3 NADH+H
-1 FADH2 -1 GTP -1 HSCoA (for each turn of Krebs) |
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What effect does increased ATP and NADH have on step three of the cirtric Acid cycle?
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Inhibits step 3 (they regulate)
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What effect does increased ATP, NADH and succinyl CoA have on step 4 of the citric Acid cycle?
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Inhibits step 4 (they regulate)
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What step does increased ATP, NADH and succinyl CoA effect on the citric acid cycle?
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Step 4
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What step does increased ATP and NADH effect on the citric acid cycle?
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Step 3
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What steps are NADH produced in the citric acid cycle?
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Steps 3, 4 and 8
(dont forget there are 1 NADH made for each pyruvate that is converted to AcetalCoA by the PDH enzyme) |
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How many ATP does FADH2 make?
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2 ATP
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How many ATP does NADH make?
(in the matrix in ETC) |
3 ATP
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How many ATP does NADH make
(from glycolysis) |
2 ATP
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From pyruvate, there are how many NADH's produced
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1 pyruvate makes 1 acetalCoA!!!
4 NADH's are made! (3 from the cycle 1 from the PDH enzyme) |
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1
H |
Hydrogen
(gas) |
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Where do the reduced CoEnzymes go after the citric acid cycle?
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Electron Transport Chain
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Where do protons of the CoEnzymes go as they enter the ETC?
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Go right through the protein of the membrane of the ETC and go to the intermembrane space.
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What two things do CoEnzymes deliver to the ETC?
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2e-'s and 2H+
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Where do all the protons go in the course of the ETC?
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They go to the ATP synthase, where the proton gradient drives ATP synthase to make ATP.
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What happens to the electons in the ETC?
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THey are shuttled down the intermembrane until they can be accepted by O2 and create water from H+'s from the matrix
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What are the electrons important for in the ETC?
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They make the water
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What is the key element involved in the complexes in the ETC?
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Fe3+/Fe2+
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Which molecule comes first in the ETC Q or C?
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Q is first, it's inbetween complex 1 &3. C is between complex 3 and complex 4.
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At which steps in the cycle is water added?
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Step 1 (combination of oxaloacetate and acetalCoA)
Step 7 (Fumerate going to Malate) |
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At which step is GTP generated in the citric acid cycle?
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Step 5 (SuccinylCoA to succinate)
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There is one point in the citric acid cycle that uses Synthetase enzyme, where is it?
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Step 5! (SuccinylCoa synthestase)
Between Succinyl Coa and Succinate |
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All the dehydrogenases are what kind of class enzymes?
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oxidoreductase
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The synthase is what kind of class enzyme?
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lyase (addition and elimination reactions)
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What does Ligase use for its reaction?
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ATP
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The synthestase enzyme is what kind of class enzyme?
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Ligase
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Where is the proton gradient created in the intermembrane space
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Intermembrance space (has a low pH)
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How is water made in the ETC?
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The elections are accepted by O2, and the protons are added as well. This happens in the matrix.
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What are the 3 layers involved in the ETC?
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Matrix, inner membrane and intermembrane space
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Complex 1 is also called ________?
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NADH dehydrogenase
(NADH+H enters this complex, goes to NAD+) |
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Complex 2 is also called ________?
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Q-cyto C reductase
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Complex 4 is also called ________?
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Cyto C oxidase
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After which point in the ETC does everything happening to NADH happen to FADH2?
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After Q
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What picks up electons in the complex I?
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FMN picks up the electrons to go fo FMNH2 (Has to be recycled--> hands electrons to Fe3+ that goes to Fe2+)
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In the ETC, After FMN, what picks up the 2 electons from FMNH2?
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Fe3+, (each Fe can only pick up 1 electron) (has to be done twice)
(happens in Complex I of ETC) |
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What picks up electrons from Fe2+?
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Q! Makes it QH2
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What does Q transfer its electrons to?
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cytochrome B (in complex III), which passes it to a series of cytochromes to cytochromC1!!
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From cytochrome C1, where do the electrons go?
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Go to cytochrome C( which is not in the membrane)
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At which complex does O2 come to combine with the electrons to create water?
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complex 4
(2 electrons are need for each Oxygen to create water) |
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In complex I and complex III, how many protons are shuttled across the membrane for each pair of elections?
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4 protons for each pair of electrons (2 extra protons come from the matrix) Just like the last
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Where does cytochrome Sulfur exist?
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In Complex III in between Cytochrome B and Cytochrome C1
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What is the reduced form of a compound in Complex I?
(QH2, FMN, Fe2+-S, Cyto B Fe3+) |
Fe2+-S
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As far as regulation of the ETC is concerned, what will raising ADP do?
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Activate
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As far as regulation of the ETC is concerned, what will raising Pi do?
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Activate
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As far as regulation of the ETC is concerned, what will raising NADH do?
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Activate
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As far as regulation of the ETC is concerned, what will raising FADH2 do?
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Activate
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As far as regulation of the ETC is concerned, what will raising O2 do?
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Activate
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As far as regulation of the ETC is concerned, what will raising ATP do?
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Deactivate
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As far as regulation of the ETC is concerned, what will raising CO2 do?
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Deactivate
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As far as regulation of the ETC is concerned, what will raising NAD+ and FADH do?
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Deactive
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What factors activate the ETC?
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ADP, Pi, NADH, FADH2, O2
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In the ETC which carriers can carry 2 electrons?
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NADH and Q
(Oxygen is able to take two... dont be deceived) |
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What is order of carriers in complex 4?
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CuA, Cyto A, Cyto A3-CuB
(Which hands off to O2 to create water) |
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What are the 3 confirmations of the ATP Synthase?
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1. Loose --> 2.tight ---> 3.Open (then back to lose)
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What happens in the loose confirmation of ATP synthase?
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Bind ADP + Pi
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What happens in the tight confirmation of ATP synthase?
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Bond to make ATP
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What happens in the open confirmation of ATP synthase?
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Release ATP
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How does the shaft of ATP synthase move?
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Through mechanical energy that is driven by moving the protons down their gradient.
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Why do you only get 3 ATPs with NADH and only 2 ATPs with FADH2?
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NADH enters at complex I, which ends up pumping out 10 protons (4+4+2)
FADH2, doesnt enter until Q right before complex III giving only 6 protons (4+2) |
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How many total protons does a FADH2 pumps into the intermembrane space?
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6 protons, (4 protons from complex III and 2 protons from complex IV)
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What happens the to NADH from glycolysis? How many ATP does it produce?
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It passes the electrons and Proton to FAD to make it FADH2. Which produces 2 ATP.
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In the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate, how is pyruvate converted to oxaloacetate?
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CO2 is added to the CH3 carbon in pyruvate. This reaction require ATP and H2O.
-The reaction is catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase (pg. 803) |
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In the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate, how is oxaloacetate converted to phosphoenolpyruvate?
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CO2 from the previous conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate is lost, a double bond is formed between the CH2 carbon and the middle carbon (ketone carbon). The ketone is lost because the O gets phosphorylated.
(GTP is needed in this step, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is the enzyme pg 803) |
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What is the enzyme that converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenol pyruvate in the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate?
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Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
(pg 803) (removes a CO2, and adds on a Phosphorous from GTP) |
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What enzymes of glycolysis are irreversible in order from starting of glycolysis?
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1.) Hexokinase
2.) Phosphofructosekinase 3.) Pyruvate kinase |
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How does pyruvate get converted to phosphoenolpyruvate if the step in glycolysis is reversible?
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It has to add CO2 to pyruvate to convert it to Oxaloacetate, then it is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate by removing the CO2 and using a GTP & H20. (pg 803)
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WHat is the difference between pyruvate and lactate?
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There is an OH and an H on the middle carbon, instead of it being a ketone like it is in pyruvate (pg 797)
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If pyruvate loses a CO2, this would form what kind of molecule after it is treated with NADH (a reducing agent)?
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Ethanol (pg 798)
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In the process of converting pyruvate to glucose, after what takes place after it is converted phosphoenolpyruvate?
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It is converted to the reverse products of glycolysis until it reaches 1,6-fructosbisphosphate, the 2nd irreversible step. (pg 803)
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What enzyme is used instead of phosphofructose kinase in the reverse order to convert pyruvate to glucose
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Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
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What enzyme is used instead of Hexokinase in the reverse order to convert pyruvate to glucose
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Glucose-6-phosphatase?
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What do you predict that a phosphatase would do?
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An enzyme that would take off a phosphate. (important in two of the 3 reverse enzyme in converting pyruvate to glucose) (pg 804)
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When converting one pyruvate to glucose, how much ATP is use? GTP? NADH? H2O?
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- ATP = 2 ATP used
- GTP = 1 GTP used - NADH = 1 NADH used - H2O = 3 (one at each step back to phosphoenolpyruvate) |
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What is the flowing cycle of lactate to the live and glucose to the muscle called?
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Cori cycle (pg 804)
(very active after a person finished an exercise) |
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Is glycolysis actived or deactived by insulin?
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Activated
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