Cisco - Jumpstart - Networking Basics Set 2

Front 1

Standards

Back 1

• An approved Model or consistent way of doing something
• In Networking, an authority (like a forum or standards organisation) defines and publicaly shares the approved standards

Front 2

Protocol

Back 2

A set of rules governing the communications between Network Devices and computers

Front 3

Physical Layer of the OSI

Back 3

• Media Layer
• Binary Transmission
• Defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional specifications for activating maintaining and deactivating the physical link

Front 4

Data Link Layer of the OSI

Back 4

• Media Layer
• Access to Media
• Defines how Data is formatted for transmission and how to access to the network is controlled
• This is the first layer with an identifier known as a MAC Address

Front 5

Network Layer of the OSI

Back 5

• Media Layer
• Packet forwarding
• provides connectivity and path selection between two host systems
• Routes data Packets
• Selects Best Path to deliver data

Front 6

Transport Layer of the OSI

Back 6

• Host Layer
• End to End Connections

Front 7

Session Layer of the OSI

Back 7

• Host Layer
• Establishes, Manages and Terminates Sessions between Applications

Front 8

Presentation Layer of the OSI

Back 8

• Host Layer
• Data Formatting & Representation

Front 9

Application Layer of the OSI

Back 9

• Host Layer
• Data Formatting and Representation

Front 10

Why do we use the OSI Model?

Back 10

1. Reduced complexity
2. Standardizes interfaces
3. Facilitates modular engineering
4. Ensures interoperable technology
5. Accelerates evolution
6. simplifies teaching and learning
7. reduces cost

Front 11

What are the layer of the TCP/IP

Back 11

1. Physical
2. Network Access
3. Internet
4. Transport
5. Application

Front 12

Name some protocols for Data Link

Back 12

• Ethernet
• PPP

Front 13

Name some protocols of Network

Back 13

• ARP
• IP
• RARP

Front 14

Name some protocols of the transport layer

Back 14

IP Service Protocols

• DHHP
• DNS
• ARP
• NAT

Front 15

Name some protocols of the Application Layer

Back 15

• FTP
• TFTP
• SMTP
• HTTP
• Routing Protocol
• Telnet
• POP3
• IMAP

Front 16

PDUs of the physical layer

Back 16

Bits

• Binary

Front 17

PDUs of the Data Link Layer

Back 17

Frames

• L2 Header
• Packet
• L2 Trailer

Device Switch

PDE:Frame

MAC Address

Front 18

PDUs of the Network Layer

Back 18

Packets

• L3 Header
• Segment

Front 19

PDUs of the Transport Layer

Back 19

Segments

• L4 Header
• Data

Front 20

Encapsulation

Back 20

As data moves down the stack, each layer adds its header and footer (if applicable), and removes them as the data moves back up

Front 21

Deencapsulation

Back 21

Parameters set within a layer at the source device are used by the corresponding layer at the destination device

Front 22

Bit

Back 22

A bit is the basic unit of information in Computing and digital communications

Front 23

Byte

Back 23

8 bits

Front 24

How are data rates measured

Back 24

bit/sec

Front 25

IDF is often called ?

Back 25

Wiring Closed

Front 26

IDF

Back 26

Intermediate Distribution Frame

• Each Desk will have one or more Ethernet patches
• Each Desk is wired to a local wiring closet called the LDF or IDF
• Pay attention to the type of cabling
• Hopefully hundreds of cat5 patches aggrefate to a local room

Front 27

MDF

Back 27

Main Distribution frame

• Each IDF on each floor of the building is directly connected to the MDF of the building using Fiber Optic cable

Front 28

How are buildings connected on a campus LAN

Back 28

A Campus LAN is connected together using Fiber Optic Cables to connect the MDFs of each building

Front 29

10BASE5

Back 29

• 10 Mbps
• BASEband Coding
• 500 meters
• ThickNet

Front 30

10BASE2

Back 30

• 10 Mbps
• BASEband Coding
• 200 Meters
• ThinNet

Front 31

10 BaseT

Back 31

• 10 MBps
• Baseband Coding
• Twisted Pair Cabling
• 100Meters

Front 32

What is the speed of Ethernet?

Back 32

10 Mbps

Front 33

What is the speed of Fast Ethernet?

Back 33

100 Mbps

Front 34

What is the speed of Gigabit Ethernet?

Back 34

• 1000 Mbps
• 1 Gbps

Front 35

What is the speed of 10 Gigabit?

Back 35

• 10 G
• 10 GE
• 10 GbE

Front 36

What is the speed of 40 Gigabit

Back 36

40 G

Front 37

What is the speed of 100 Gigabit

Back 37

100 G

Front 38

MAC Address

Back 38

• 48 Bit
• unique identifier assigned to Network Interfaces for communication on the physical Network
• On the Data Link Layer
• Frame - computers need to know each others address to communicate (like a post office truck)

Front 39

What are basic Ethernet operations of using a Hub?

Back 39

• Connects devices together
• Everything is sent everywhere
• Layer 1
• No Intelligence

Front 40

What are basic Ethernet operations using a switch?

Back 40

• Connects devices together
• Operates at layer 2
• Reads and uses MAC addresses
• Forwards and Learns Frams

Front 41

What is the Basic LAN Design

Back 41

1. Access
2. Distribution
3. Core

Front 42

Why are WANs a persistent OPEX expense to the business?

Back 42

• Expensive - Paid per connection
• Monthly Payment 1.5 Mbps -= /month
• Slower than LANs (changing
• Geographically distant connections

Front 43

What are WAN topologies?

Back 43

• Full Mesh
• Partial Mesh
• Hub and Spoke

Front 44

Full Mesh

Back 44

Fail Save Everything is connected

Front 45

Partial Mesh

Back 45

• Most Common
• Important Devices are connected

Front 46

Hub and Spoke

Back 46

• Used often in VPN scenarios
• One connection

Front 47

DS-0

Back 47

# of DSO: 1

Bandwidth (Mbps): 0.064

Smallest piece of bandwidth

Front 48

DS-1

Back 48

T1 Line

# of DSO: 24

Bandwidth (Mbps): 1.544

Front 49

E1

Back 49

Europe's equivalent to T1

# of DSO: 30

Bandwidth (Mbps): 2.048

Front 50

DS-3

Back 50

T3

# of DSO: 672

Bandwidth (Mbps): 44.736

Front 51

OC-1

Back 51

# of DSO: 54.84

Bandwidth (Mbps): 1

Front 52

OC-3

Back 52

STM-1

# of DSO:

Bandwidth (Mbps):

Front 53

DSO

Back 53

Channel

Front 54

Characteristics of a leased line

Back 54

• Dedicated
• Expensive
• very predictable
• Reliable
• Secure
• Active all the time

Front 55

Characteristics of frame relay

Back 55

1. Packet Switched
2. Layer 2
3. Uses Virtual Circuits
4. up to 45 Mbps
5. Largely replaced by MPLS

Front 56

Packet Switched

Back 56

Each individual packet (data) can take any available path during transmission

Front 57

How are virtual circuits usually used?

Back 57

1 VC per branch Office using a Hub-and Spoke WAN topology (like an airport, you leave out one terminal and arrive on another)

Front 58

ATM

Back 58

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

is a dedicated-connection switching technology that organizes digital data into 53-byte cell units and transmits them over a physical medium using digital signal technology

Front 59

Why is MPLS the current choice for many business?

Back 59

Best of both worlds (frame relay, ATM)

• Privacy QoS
• Flexibility
• Scalability
• Low cost managed IP Services
• Foundation for IP business services

Front 60

In MPLS how is packet forwarding done?

Back 60

Based on labels (tag)

Front 61

In MPLS when are labels assigned?

Back 61

When they enter the network

Front 62

Where are MPLS labels inserted?

Back 62

Between layer 2 and 3 headers

Front 63

The difference between routing and forwarding?

Back 63

Routing uses IP Address

Forwarding Uses Labels

Front 64

Can labels be stacked in MPLS?

Back 64

Yes

Front 65

Characteristics of xDSL

Back 65

• Copper-based
• Dedicated Services
• Converts existing Telephone lines (POTS) into High-Speed Voice and Data Circuits
• Voice & Data on a single pair of wires
• End -Users don't "buy xDSL" they buy services

Front 66

What kind of Services to x DSL users buy?

Back 66

• High-Speed Internet
• Leased Lines
• Voice
• VPN
• Video on Demand

Front 67

Variations of DSL

Back 67

• VDSL (Very High Speed DSL Line)
• VHDSL (Very High Speed DSL Line)
• ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line)

NOTE:

Speed Decreases with DIstance

Front 68

What is the Max Download speed for ADSL (consumer technology)

Back 68

24 Mbps

Front 69

What can be a problem since cable is a shared service?

Back 69

Contention

Definition:

In contention, any computer in the network can transmit data at any time (first come-first served).

Front 70

Facts about cable

Back 70

• Originally used for Cable TV Distribution
• Upgrade to allow Return channel signals
• Shared not dedicated
• Hybrid Fiber/Coax Infrastructure (HFC) in a "tree like design"