Cis 105 Final

Front 1

reinforcement-affect model

Back 1

liking/disliking is learned; those we associate with good feelings

Front 2

rewards of relationships

Back 2

increased mental/physical health; emotional support; info; material support;sexual satisfaction

Front 3

costs of relationships

Back 3

stress and negative affect; obligation; loss of freedom and independence (reactance*) cost of lost alternatives

Front 4

why do relationships change?

Back 4

perceived balue of rewards and costs change over time ex: sex; comparison of alternative will change ex: other options available

Front 5

minimax principle

Back 5

people try to maximize their rewards while minimizing their costs

Front 6

distributive justice

Back 6

rewards should be in proportion to costs; outcomes should be in proportion to investments to feel satisfaction

Front 7

equity theory

Back 7

extends dist justice; take both parties into account; both people in realtionship should feel similarly about level of investments/outcomes; ex: bob and bill at circle k; inequity leads to tention we need to releive it so bob gets off early

Front 8

just world orientation

Back 8

belief that life is always equitable; good things happen to good people etc

Front 9

types of relationships

Back 9

exchange relationships and communal relationships

Front 10

exchange relationships

Back 10

non intimate; often short term relationships; little emotional investment; ex: acquaintances, business associates, strangers

Front 11

communal relationships

Back 11

intimate, long term relationships with high emotional investment; mutual concern for each others welfare; assume outcomes and investments will balance out in long run

Front 12

aggression

Back 12

physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt another; direct or indirect ex: yelling at a person vs spreading rumor

Front 13

types of aggression

Back 13

emotional (hostile) aggression, instrumental aggression

Front 14

emotional aggression

Back 14

only goal is to express anger by hurting another

Front 15

instrumental aggression

Back 15

using aggression as a way of obtaining something e.i. cartel violence to defend territory

Front 16

homicides

Back 16

14% by strangers; 32% by acquaintances; 19% by family or close friend
30% women murdered by intimate partner; 5% for men
65% by people 18-34 years old
highest victimization/offender rates between 18-24

Front 17

gender differences (males)

Back 17

more likly to be rewarded for violence; associated with testosterone levels (doesn't increase aggression, it increases social dominance); males see aggression as way of exerting control;

Front 18

most common reason for murder

Back 18

escalation of a trivial argument; insults threaten status

Front 19

gender difference in non verbal aggression

Back 19

may be no difference; some studies say females may be higher in relational aggression - hurting others by damaging their relationships

Front 20

models of aggression

Back 20

evolutionary explanation for gender differences, evolutionary explanation

Front 21

evolutionary explanation for gender differences (aggression)

Back 21

to attract females - display dominance and status

Front 22

evolutionary explanation of aggression

Back 22

some aggression increase chances of survival and reproduction i.e. protecting food sources, protecting against enemies; uncontroled aggression = harmful

Front 23

self regulation of aggression

Back 23

living in groups requires us to control our aggressive impulses; role of empathy; females have higher empathy; anything that affects inhibitory control increases aggression; media violence

Front 24

role of empathy (self regulation of aggression)

Back 24

empathy decreases aggression; ex: if i hurt you, empathy leads me to feel bad

Front 25

females tend to have higher empathy (self regulation of aggression)

Back 25

greater inhibitory control; aids in child rearing; females tend to see aggression as a loss of control

Front 26

affecting inhibitory control increases aggression (self regulation of aggression)

Back 26

alcohol - low amounts decrease; high amount (more than 3 drinks) increase aggression

Front 27

observing media violence (self regulation of aggression)

Back 27

associated with increase generally mild; d = .30; aggressive people prefer violent media

Front 28

effects of observing media violence (self regulation of aggression)

Back 28

lower inhibitions against aggression - similar to minority influence; desensitization; cognitive priming - gets you thinking about the topic of aggression; learn new ways of being aggressive

Front 29

frustration-aggression theory

Back 29

(1930's) aggression is always caused by frustration - the blocking of goal directed behavior (y we dont like traffic jams); frustration always leads to aggression; based on idea of catharsis;

Front 30

idea of catharsis (frustration aggression theory)

Back 30

frustration causes unpleasant tension to build up; acting aggressively reduces this tension; research does not support this - acting aggressively tends to increase further aggression

Front 31

Berkowitz's cognitive-neoassociation theory (model of aggression)

Back 31

any event that produces aversive arousal can cause aggression but only if the aversive arousal first leads to anger

Front 32

when anger leads to aggression

Back 32

any form of arousal can enhanve affective response ex: more aggressive after exercise or even smelling perfume;

Front 33

factors that cause anger

Back 33

perceptions of inequity; relative deprivation ex: school shooters want to be accepted; poverty and a poor economy - only if gap between expectations and reality especially when some people seem to be getting more than they deserve; adaptation level phenomenon

Front 34

adaptation level phenomenon (causes of anger)

Back 34

happiness is affected by comparing our present circumstances to our recent past circumstances; what used to be rewarding will become neutral over time; we also adapt to unfortunate circumstances

Front 35

attraction

Back 35

need for affiliation - we have an unborn need to form relationships to connect with other

Front 36

2 types of attraction processes

Back 36

initial attraction and long-term attraction

Front 37

initial attraction

Back 37

- factors that cause you to like/dislike other when first meet them; exchange relationships

Front 38

long-term attraction

Back 38

marriage communal relationships

Front 39

different factors affect initial/long-term attraction

Back 39

women are initially attracted to dominant masculine males but non dominant males are preferred for long term attraction

Front 40

factors affecting initial attraction

Back 40

familiarity; Chinese symbols example remodeling lobby pick symbol they've been exposed to; proximity - tend to like people we come into contact with on a regular basis; reciprocity (we like those who like us); physical attractiveness

Front 41

factors affecting long-term attraction

Back 41

strongest determinant of long-term attraction is similarity

Front 42

similarity (long term attraction)

Back 42

matching hypothesis - choose mates who are similar in attractiveness; marketplace theory - difference in attractiveness = other factors must compensate i.e. status and power;

Front 43

other types of similarity in long term relationships

Back 43

activity similarity; demographic similarity; attitudinal similarity; personality similarity (similar levels of big 5 traits)

Front 44

why is similarity so important?

Back 44

equity; validation of belief system - sees world in similar way

Front 45

similarity

Back 45

we assume that people we're attracted to must be similar to us i.e. assume same political stance; acting similar to another, increases their liking toward you i.e. peer pressure

Front 46

love

Back 46

passionate love as basis for relationships is new idea; in 1700's passionate love seen as mental imbalance

Front 47

sternberg's triangular model of love

Back 47

love relationships involve varying degrees of 1 passion 2 intimacy 3 commitment

Front 48

intimacy =

Back 48

liking

Front 49

passion =

Back 49

infatuation

Front 50

decision/commitment =

Back 50

empty love

Front 51

intimacy + passion =

Back 51

romantic love

Front 52

passion + commitment =

Back 52

fatuous love

Front 53

intimacy + commitment =

Back 53

companionate love

Front 54

intimacy + commitment + passion =

Back 54

consummate love

Front 55

passion

Back 55

strong physiological arousal; desire to be close - oxytocin hormones - sexual component; arousal facilitation theory - any arousal can enhance feelings of passion

Front 56

intimacy

Back 56

sharing of emotions and deeply personal information - both partners have to open up and share

Front 57

social penetration theory

Back 57

disclosure slowly moves from superficial to intimate (comfortable pace for both people); need to be able to reciprocate

Front 58

gender differences in intimacy

Back 58

females report more intimacy in relationships - more empathy/more comfortable with self disclosure;
males tend to fall in love faster - more dependent on the fewer intimate relationships they have; fall out of love slower

Front 59

attachment style theory

Back 59

adult relationships affected by quality of infant/parent reactions during first year of life;
parents attentive to infants needs?
parents more concerned with themselves than infant?
secure style; avoidant style; anxious/ambivalent style

Front 60

secure attachment style

Back 60

60-70%; parents attentive to infant; infant develops sense of trust in others; leads to trusting caring adult relationships

Front 61

avoidant attachment style

Back 61

20%; parents insensitive to infant needs; child learns not to trust other - prefers avoid others; emotionally distant adult relationships

Front 62

anxious/ambivalent attachment style

Back 62

10%; parents inconsistent with infant; infant wants to trust but cant; leads to possessive, jealous, and demanding adult relationships (wants to know where you are all the time; worry often)

Front 63

commitment

Back 63

desire to maintain relationship; feeling psychologically attached in relationship; comes from satisfaction with relationship

Front 64

factors affecting commitment

Back 64

investments, feelings of equity, social comparison (previous/others' relationships), quality of alternatives, perceived support
feminine traits increases relationship satisfaction (empathy/self disclosure)

Front 65

termination of relationships - reasons

Back 65

females more likely to end it;
violations of equity; unrealistic expectations (love at first site etc); communication breakdown;

Front 66

conflict

Back 66

perceived incompatibility of actions and goals; primary sources of conflict in marriages: finances, sex, children

Front 67

role of misperceptions (conflict)

Back 67

people in conflicts develop false beliefs about each other; e.i. edney's nuts game - 1980's count nuts best strategy to do nothing;
mirror image misperceptions - same false beliefs abou the other person (fundamental attribution error)

Front 68

social dilemmas (conflict)

Back 68

conflict between individual and society; doing whats best for indiv hurts group ex car pollution

Front 69

resolve conflict

Back 69

having superordinant goals; facing common enemy or threat; incentives; conciliation; graduated and reciprocal initiatives in tension-reduction (GRIT)

Front 70

superordinant goals (resolve conflict)

Back 70

work together to achieve common goal they both want; sherif's robers cave ex 2 groups hated over comp then sabotaged water got them work together

Front 71

conciliation (resolve conflict)

Back 71

someone has to b first to back down;hard for people to do: self serving bias - we're right, they're not, self concept - dont want to look weak or inconsistent

Front 72

graduated and reciprocal initiatives in tension reduction (GRIT) (resolve conflict)

Back 72

reciprocal deescalation; slightly back down but not fully best way to win; application of: foot in door, reciprocity,