Circulatory Systems And Immunology

Front 1

Transport Systems in Plants:

4 types

Back 1

- Xylem

- Phloem

- Cambium

- Roots

Front 2

Transport Systems in Plants: Xylem

what is it? what do they transport? two types of xylem cells? what is the outerlayer of the xylem called?

how is water rising in xylem explained?

Back 2

- thick-walled, often hollow cells located on inside of vascular bundle.
> carry water and minerals UP plant
> give plant its support.
> vessel cells and tracheids.
> sapwood

- 3 reasonings:
> Transpiration Pull - water evaporates from leaves.
> Capillary Action - thin tube, liquid rises due to surface tension.
> Root Pressure - water entering root hairs exerts pressure.

Front 3

Transport Systems in Plants: Phloem

what is it? what does it transport? what direction? cell types?

Back 3

- thin-walled cells on outside of vascular bundle.
> living cells
> sieve tube and companion cells.

- transport nutrients DOWN stem.

Front 4

Transport Systems in Plants: Cambium

- what are they? what do they become?

- going from outside of plant inward, layers:

Back 4

- 2 layers thick, actively dividing.
> give rise to xylem and phloem cells.
> cells next to tissue, become that tissue (proximal dictation).

- epidermis > cortex > phloem > cambium > xylem > pith

Front 5

Transport Systems in Plants: Roots

purpose?

Back 5

- absorb material through root hairs and anchor plant
> root hairs are specialized cells of root epidermis.
> increase S.A, of absorption.

Front 6

Circulation in Invertebrates

Invertebrate classes (4)

Back 6

- Protozoans

- Cnidarians

- Annelida

- Arthropoda

Front 7

Circulation in Invertebrates: Protozoans and Cnidarians

Protozoans?

Cnidarians?

Back 7

- simple diffusion within the cell

- all cells are in direct contact with internal/external environment. no need for specialized circulatory system.

Front 8

Circulation in Invertebrates: Arthropoda and Annelida

Arthropods?

Annelids?

Back 8

- open circulatory systems with blood that is in direct contact with body tissues.
> blood is circulated mainly by body movement.
> blood flows through DORSAL VESSEL into sinuses, this is where Exchange occurs.

- closed circulatory system to deliver stuff to cells that are not in direct contact with external environment.
> blood confined to blood vessels. moves toward head through dorsal vessel (main heart).
> 5 pairs of vessels (aortic loop) connect dorsal vessel to ventral vessel.
> have no red blood cells! but has hemoglobin-like pigment.

Front 9

Functions of the Circulatory System in Humans

2 main functions

Whats important about CO2

blood cell types

Back 9

1. Transport Of Gases
> erythrocytes transport O2 (hemoglobin binds it, it also binds CO2 after O2 dissociates).
> CO2 is important reactant for bicarbonate buffering system.
> this helps accomodate differing pH levels in body.

2. Transport Of Nutrients and Waste
> A.A.'s and sugars absorbed into bloodstream from intestinal capillaries
> then transported through body, and processed, so waste products diffuse into capillaries from cells.

Front 10

Circulation in Humans: Adult Circulation

pathway

Back 10

- muscular four-chambered heart

- pulmonary vein delivers oxy. blood (from lungs)
> left atrium
> left ventricle
> Aorta
> Aortic Arteries
> Arterioles
> capillaries-exchange
> venules
> veins
> inferior Vena Cava
> superior Vena Cava
> right atrium
> right ventricl
> pulmonary artery (into lungs as deoxy blood)
REPEAT

Front 11

Circulation in Humans: Fetal Circulation

special differences form adult?

Back 11

- Foramen Ovale - connection between left/right atrium
> shunts blood from right ventricle to left atrium
> reason? to prevent blood entering pulmonary circ.

- Ductus Arteriosus- duct btwn aorta and pulm. artery
> prevents any blood that foramen ovale missed.

- Ductus Venosus - duct btwn umbilical vein to inferior vena cava
> moves oxy blood from umbilical vein to I.V.C.
> enables blood to bypass liver and travel directly to brain.

Front 12

Circulatory Components: Heart

left vs. right?

atria vs. ventricles?

Back 12

- right pumps deoxy blood into pulmonary circulation

- left pumps oxy blood into systemic circulation

- atria thin walled, ventricles thick and muscular for pumping mechanism.

Front 13

Circulatory Components: Blood Vessels

3 main types
> structure?
> purpose?
> which one has the biggest diameter?

Back 13

- Arteries - thick, muscular walled, elastic
> take oxy blood AWAY from heart (except pul art.)

- Veins - thin-walled, inelastic
> take deoxy blood TO heart (except pulm. vein)

- Capillaries - thin walls of single cell layer of endothel.
> let respiratory gases, waste, nutrients across.
> have smallest diameter of all 3 types.

Front 14

Circulatory Components: Lymph Vessels

what does it transport? what purpose does this have?

what are along the vessels?

Back 14

- excess interstitial fluid (lymph)
> helps maintain constant fluid levels in body.

- lymph nodes - swellings filled with leukocytes
> filter lymph, destroy foreign particles/pathogens.

Front 15

Circulatory Components: Blood

3 types of blood cellular components

what is the liquid portion of blood?

Back 15

Cells:
- erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Platelets

- PLASMA, it contains nutrients, salts, gases, wastes, hormones, blood proteins (albumin, immunoglobulin, fibrinogen).

Front 16

Blood: Erythrocytes

purpose? molecule changes?

where do they come from?

Back 16

- oxygen carriers of blood.
> 1 hemoglobin = binds 4 O2 molecules
> hemoglobin >>(binds O2) >> oxyhemoglobin
> disc-like shape = increased: S.A.,G.E., and moving

- formed from stem cells in bone marrow
> lose: nuclei, mitochondria, organelles
> become mature RBC's

Front 17

Blood: Leukocytes

1st type of WBC? what does it do?
2nd type of WBC? what does it do?
3rd type of WBC? what does it do?

Back 17

- regular WBC, phago. foreign matter and organisms.

- migrates to tissue (matures into Macrophage)
> stationary cells
> phagocytize pathogens or activate Immune resp.

- Lymphocytes - involved in immune response
> produce antibodies (B cells)
> cytolyse infected cells (T cells)

Front 18

Blood: Platelets

purpose? pathway?

Back 18

- cell fragments that lac nuclei
> involved in clot formation in response to tissue injury

pathway:
> Platelets contact exposed collagen of a damaged vessel.
> release clotting factor (thromboplastin)
> prothrombin (inactive) >>> thrombin (active)
> fibrinogen (inactive) >>> fibrin
> coats damaged area, trap blood cells. form clot.

Front 19

Immunological Reactions

2 specific defense mechanisms

what key blood cell type is part of both of this reactions?

Back 19

- Humoral Immunity (Specific)
> production of antibodies

- cell-mediated immunity (specific)
> cells that fight fungal/viral infections.

- lymphocytes.

Front 20

Immunological Reactions: Humoral Immunity

method?
important cells?
antibody methods? 1 and 2

Back 20

- responsible for proliferation of antibodies following antigen exposure.

- B cells - release antibodies that recognize and bind to specific antigens and trigger Immune response to remove them.

- methods:
> attract leukocytes to phagocytize antigen directly.
> cause antigens to clump, make large insoluble mass, get removed by phago cells.

Front 21

Immunological Reactions: Active immunity

how is it conferred? is it immediately effective?

Back 21

- through vaccination - weak inactive antigen injected, stimulates immune system to produce specific antibodies.

- takes time to build up
- specific

Front 22

Immunological Reactions: Passive Immunity

how conferred? is it immediate?

example?

Back 22

- Use of foreign antibodies by other organism
> immediate, short-lived, lasting only as long as antibodies circulated.
> not very specific

- gammaglobulins - fraction of blood containing lots of antibodies, can be used to confer temporary protection against hep. and other diseases.

Front 23

Immunological Reactions: Cell-Mediated Immunity

Back 23

- Specific
- antigen-specific T cells mediate attack
> use: Activated Macrophages
NK cells
Cytokines instead of antibodies

Front 24

Immunological Reactions: Non-specific Defense mechs.

5 types

in the inflammatory response, what cell type is attracted to injured region?

Back 24

- skin - physical barrier, sweat has enzyme that attacks bacterial cell walls.

- mucous coating - filter and trap

- macrophages - engulf and destroy.

- inflammatory response
> injured cells release histamine
> blood vessels DILATE
> INCREASED blood flow to damaged region
> Granulocytes attracted to site phagocytize antigenic material

- Interferons - proteins made by cells under viral attack. diffuse to other cells, help prevent spread of virus

Front 25

Blood Typing: erythrocytes

important surface stuff? what groups?

Back 25

- have cell-surface proteins (antigens)
> macromolecules that are forein to the host organism.
> major groups of RBC antigens are:
> ABO group
> Rh factor

Front 26

Blood Typing: ABO group

Type A blood. What antigen? produce what antibody?
Type B blood. What antigen? produce what antibody?
Type AB blood. What antigen? produce antibodies?

Back 26

- Type A have A antigen present. produce Anti-B antibody.

- Type B have B antigen present. produce Anti-A antibody.

Type AB have A/B antigens, produce no antibody.
> so universal recipient

Type O have no antigens, produce Anti-B and Anti-A
> so universal donor.

Front 27

Blood Typing: Rh Factor

two types

hypothetical situation:

Back 27

- individual is either Rh- or Rh+

- if mom is Rh-, and fetus is Rh+
> mom can be sensitized if fetal blood enters maternal circulation
> if same mom has second child that is also Rh+.
> she has a bunch of anti-Rh+ antibodies, may cross placenta and destroy fetus blood cells
> fetus gets severe anemia.