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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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arrhythmias
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abnormal heart rhythms
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3 types of arrhythmia
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bradycardia
flutter fibrillation |
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bradycardia and heart block
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failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the artioventricular bundle
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artificial cardiac pacemaker
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device to treat arrhythmia, keeping heart beating at its normal rate
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flutter
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rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria - up to 300 beats per min., often symptomatic of heart disease
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fibrilation
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very rapid, random, inefficient and irregular contractions of the heart - 350 beats or more per minute
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AF
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a. atrial fibrilation
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3 types of AF
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paroxysmal AF
permanent AF persistent AF all cause risk of stroke |
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VF
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ventricular fibrillation - a life threating situation which can lead to cardiac arrest
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medication and treatments for VF
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defibrillation
digoxin beta-blockers calcium channel blockers |
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ICD
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implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
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AED
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automatic external defibrillators - used in emergency situation to reverse VF
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catheter ablation
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minimally invasive treatment for cardiac arrhythmia, using radiofrequency energy delivered from the tip of a catheter inserted through a blood vessel.
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congenital heart disease
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abnormalities in the heart at birth
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4 types of congenital heart disease
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CoA
PDA septal defects tetralogy of Fallot |
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CoA
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coarctation of the aorta
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coarctation of the aorta
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narrowing of the aorta
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PDA
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patent ductus arteriosus
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patent ductus arteriosus
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passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth
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septal defects
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small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles
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heart-lung machine
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a machine that maintains general circulation during heart surgery, relieving the heart and lungs of pumping and oxygenation functions
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tetralogy of Fallot
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congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects:
pulmonary stenosis ventricular septal defect shift of the aorta to the right hypertrophy of the right ventricle |
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TGA
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transposition of the great arteries
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transposition of the great arteries
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pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle
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CHF
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congestive heart failure
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congestive heart failure
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heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
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systolic CHF
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left ventricular dysfunction results in a low ejection fraction, and less blood is pumped from the heart
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diastolic CHF
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heart can contract normally but is "stiff", when filling with blood - fluid backs up in the lungs and elsewhere
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pulmonary edema
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fluid accumulation in the lungs
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ACE inhibitors
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors - used to treat CHF
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spironolactone
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increases excretion of water and sodium by the kidney - used to treat CHF
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LVAD
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left ventricular assist device
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LVAD (def)
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a booster pump implanted in the abdomen which pumps blood out of the heart to all parts of the body
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CAD
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coronary artery disease
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CAD (def)
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disease of the arteries surrounding the heart, usually the result of atherosclerosis
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thrombotic occlusion
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blocking of a blood vessel by a clot
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myocardial infarction
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heart attack - thrombotic occlusion leads to ischemia and necrosis of a part of the myocardium
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ACSs
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Acute coronary syndromes
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ACSs (def.)
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conditions caused by myocardial ischemia - unstable angina, myocardial infarction
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unstable angina
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chest pain at rest, or chest pain of increasing frequency
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CABG
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coronary artery bypass grafting - open heart surgery in which clogged vessels are replaced
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nitroglycerin, nitrates
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treatment for acute attacks of angina, a vasodilators that increase coronary blood flow, and lowers blood pressure
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statins
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lower cholesterol levels
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PCI
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percutaneous coronary intervention - catheterization with balloons and stents to open clogged coronary arteries
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sequence of pathologic changes leading to cardiac event
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atherosclerotic plaque
plaque rupture non-occlusive thrombus - unstable angina and NSTEMI OR - occlusive thrombus and STEMI |
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NSTEMI
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non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
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STEMI
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ST elevation myocardial infarction
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plaque rupture
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plaque builds up inside artery wall, thin inner lining of wall bursts under pressure, activating blood clotting mechanism
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endocarditis
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inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
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bacterial endocarditis
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inflammation of the inner lining of the heart which produces vegetations that break off into emboli causing stroke, TIA or petechiae
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vegetations
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lesions resembling cauliflower on the inner lining of the heart caused by bacterial endocarditis
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petechiae
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multiple pinpoint hemorrages in the skin where emboli from bacterial endocarditis lodge in the small blood vessels
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hypertensive heart disease
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high blood pressure affecting the heart, resulting from narrowing of arterioles. Left ventricular hypertrophy occurs to overcome increased resistance in arteries
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MVP
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mitral valve prolapse
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MVP (def).
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improper closure of the mitral valve. Usually benign condition
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murmur
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extra heart sound, heard between normal beats, usually caused by a valvular defect or disease
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bruit
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an abnormal sound or murmur heard on auscultation
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thrill
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a vibration felt on palpation of the chest, often accompanies a murmur
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pericarditis
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inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart, usually resulting from disease elsewhere in the body.
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cardiac tamponade
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compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity
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rheumatic heart disease
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heart disease caused by rheumatic fever, a childhood disease that follows a streptococcal infection. Symptoms are mitral stenosis, altrial fibrillation, and congestive heart failure from weakening of the myocardium
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aneurysm
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local widening of an arterial wall
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berry aneurysm
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weakness and widening of walls of a small vessel in the brain
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marfan syndrome
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genetic disorder marked by aortic aneurysm, as well as long thin fingers, great arm span, and ocular and joint abnormalities
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DVT
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deep vein thrombosis
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DVT (def.)
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blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb
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HTN
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hypertension
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HTN (Def.)
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high blood pressure (essential=no identifiable cause)
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PAD
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peripheral arterial disease
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PAD (def.)
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blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs, causing intermittent claudication
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intermittent claudication
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absence of pain at rest, but pain, tension and weakness after walking has begun
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popliteal artery
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artery at the back of the knee
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embolic protection devices
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parachute-like filters used to capture embolic debris during stenting
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Raynaud disease
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recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis in fingers and toes - marked by intense constriction and vasospasm of arterioles, often in young woment.
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Raynaud phenomenon
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condition of arterial insufficiency secondary to arterial narrowing from atherosclerosis, lupus, scleroderma or other conditions
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varicose veins
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abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually in the legs, caused by damaged valves that fail to prevent the backflow of blood, which then collects in teh veins. Can also cause thrombosis due to repeated damage to vein walls
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Hemorrhoids
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varicose veins near the anus
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acute coronary syndromes
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unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries
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angina (pectoris)
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chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia
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angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
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Antihypertensive drug that block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing blood vessels to dilate
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beta-blocker
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blocks the action of epinephrine, slowing heartbeat and reducing workload on heart
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biventricular pacemaker
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device enabling ventricles to beat together so that more blood is pumped out of the heart
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calcium channel blocker
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durg used to treat angina and hypertension. Dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels
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cardiac arrest
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sudden unexpectdd stoppage of heart action; sudden cardiac death
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digoxin
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drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat
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infarction
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area of dead tissue
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nitrates
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drugs used in the treatment of angina - dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue
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palpitations
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uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as PVCs
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PVCs
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premature ventricualr contractions
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patent
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open
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pericardial friction rub
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scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart, suggestive of pericarditis
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statins
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durgs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream
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vegetations
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clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on disease heart valves
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