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232 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Physiology of Cardiovascular System
(List 3) |
1) Transport & distribute oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, waste products, anti-bodies, etc.
2) Protection through disease-fighting white blood cells and removal of impurities and pathogens. 3) Prevention of hemorrhage through clotting mechanisms including prevention of loss of bodily fluids from damaged vessels. |
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Characteristics of Blood:
(List 5) |
1) Liquid connective tissue
2) Viscous - thicker than H2O 3) Slightly alkaline (basic pH) 4) Red in color 5) Warmer than the rest of the body |
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WBCs (white blood cells)...They serve as part of the immune system by protecting the body from invading bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. It is the blood's defensive MOBILE ARMY.
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Leukocytes
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Processes when WBCs begin to mobilize and destroy invaders.
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Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis
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Cell-eating
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Phagocytosis
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Cell-drinking
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Pinocytosis
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WBCs combat irritants by producing this compound released in allergic inflammatory reactions that in extreme cases cause dilation of capillaries, decrease blood pressure and contraction of smooth muscles of the bronchii.
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Histamine
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WBCs produce antimicrobial substances that are produced in response to specific foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses or an incompatible blood type.
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Antibodies
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Specialized Leukocytes:
(List 5) |
1) Basophils
2) Eosinophils 3) Neutrophils 4) Lymphocytes 5) Monocytes |
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Also known as platelets, are fragmented cells that help repair leaks in the blood vessels through various clotting mechanisms, their jagged shape helps them adhere to torn surfaces.
Lifespan = 10 days |
Thrombocytes
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Three main mechanisms for blood clotting:
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1) Vascular spasm
2) Platelet plug 3) Coagulation |
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When the smooth muscle in a vessel is torn, it begins to spasm, reducing blood flow and can continue for up to 30 minutes.
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Vascular spasm
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When platelets come into contact with damaged blood vessel, they change by becoming large and sticky, causing them to clump together and form a plug that helps seal damaged vessels.
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Platelet plug
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Clot formation is the process of transforming fibrogen into fibrin threads that trap red blood cells and then tighten the platelet plug into a clot which eventually goes through a process of retraction that draws the injured vessel walls closer together for repair and stops blood loss.
***Vitamin K is needed*** |
Coagulation
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Three types of blood cells:
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1) Erythrocytes
2) Leukocytes 3) Thrombocytes |
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RBCs - Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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Erythrocytes
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WBCs - Fight disease - The body's MOBILE ARMY
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Leukocytes
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Platelets - Clot blood.
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Thrombocytes
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Most common blood typing system.
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ABO System
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Genetically determined proteins that are contained on the surfaces of RBCs.
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Antigens
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Two types of blood antigens.
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Type A & Type B
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People with both blood antigens.
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Type AB
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People with neither of the antigens.
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Type O
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Type AB has no antibodies for antigen A or B, can receive all other blood types.
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Universal Recipient
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Type O has neither of the antigens & does not react to any other blood types.
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Universal Donor
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(-) Can only receive from (-)
(+) Can receive from (+) and (-) |
Rh Factor
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Rh Problem:
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During pregnancy if mother is (-) and fetus is (+).
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Located in the mediastinum region of the thoracic cavity and rests on the diaphragm, is approximately the size of a clenched fist and is a 4-chambered, double pump.
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The Heart
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3 layers of heart walls:
(List from outside to inside) |
1) Epicardium
2) Myocardium 3) Endocardium |
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Thin outermost layer of serous membrane.
Protective layer possesses adipose tissue and blood vessels that nourish the heart. |
Epicardium
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Thick cardiac muscle middle layer that makes up the bulk of the heart wall.
Contraction of this wall forces blood out of the ventricles. |
Myocardium
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Thin inner lining of the heart and is continuous with the lining of the heart chambers and blood vessels, as well as the valves of the heart.
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Endocardium
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Double layered, serous fluid filled sac surrounding the heart to help reduce friction.
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Pericardium
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Heart is subdivided into ___ ______________ that receive and plump blood, is lined with endocardium continuous with valves and blood vessel linings.
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4 Chambers
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Superior chambers of the heart.
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Atria
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Separates the right and left atria.
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Interatrial Septum
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Inferior chambers of the heart.
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Ventricles
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Separates the right and left the ventricles.
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Interventricular Septum
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Receives blood from all parts of the body except the lungs, through the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus.
Sends blood on to the right ventricle. |
Right Atrium
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Right Atrium receives blood from (3) vessels:
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1) Superior Vena Cava
2) Inferior Vena Cava 3) Coronary Sinus |
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Returns blood from the chest area, arms and head to the heart.
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Superior Vena Cava
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Returns blood from the abdominal area and legs to the heart.
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Inferior Vena Cava
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Returns blood from the heart itself.
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Coronary Sinus
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Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps blood through the pulmonary trunk and into the right and left pulmonary arteries.
Blood is routed to the lungs to release CO2 and pick-up O2. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via pulmonary veins. |
Right Ventricle
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Oxygen-rich blood enters from the pulmonary veins and during contraction, blood passes from this chamber to the left ventricle.
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Left Atrium
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This chamber has the thickest heart wall because it pumps blood into the aorta and then through miles of blood vessels throughout the body.
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Left Ventricle
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The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle.
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Stroke Volume
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Blood travels...
(8 steps) |
1) Blood enters the right atrium.
2) Is delivered to the right ventricle. 3) Moves into the right and left pulmonary arteries. 4) Enters lungs release CO2 (exhale) and obtains O2 (inhale). 5) Travels into the right and left pulmonary veins. 6) Moves into left atrium. 7) Is delivered to left ventricle. 8) Flows into aorta to all parts of the body via the arteries. |
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Little flaps of endocardium located between the chambers of the heart and between the ventricles and some of the great vessels.
They keep blood flowing in ONE direction as the pressure exerted on the blood changes during heart contraction |
Heart Valves
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Two types of heart valves:
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1) Atrioventricular valves (AV)
2) Semilunar valves (SL) |
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"Lubb-Dupp" sound produced by the opening and closing of these valves.
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Heartbeat
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Separate the atria from the ventricles, and are held in place by tendonlike chords that attach to the ventricular walls through cardiac muscle projections.
"Lubb" sound occurs from blood turbulence when these valves close. |
AV valves
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Tendonlike chords that attach to the ventricular walls that hold the AV valves in place.
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Chordae Tendinae
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Cardiac muscle projections that the Chordae Tedinae attach to in the ventricular walls to hold the valves in place.
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Papillary Muscles
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Two types of the AV valves:
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1) Tricuspid valve
2) Bicuspid valve or Mitral valve |
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Right AV valve and possesses three flaps or cusps.
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Tricuspid Valve
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Left AV valve and possesses teo flaps or cusps.
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Bicuspid or Mitral Valve
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Open space within the blood vessels.
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Lumen
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Located between both ventricles and their adjacent arteries.
Each valve consists of three half moon-shaped cusps, named for the vessels to which they lead. "Dupp" sound occurs from blood turbulence when these valves close. |
SL Valves
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Two types of semilunar valves:
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1) Pulmonary SL Valve
2) Aortic SL Valve |
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Lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
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Pulmonary SL Valve
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Lies between the left ventricle and the Aorta.
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Aortic SL Valve
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Controls the rate of contraction by a system of modified cardiac cells that conduct impulses through the muscle tissue of the heart, with the purpose of coordinating and synchronizing the heart's activity.
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Heart Conduction System
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Cardiac muscle is capable of self-excitation, meaning it has the ability to generate its own independent muscle contraction without outside innervation.
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Autorhythmic
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Four (4) main parts of the heart conduction system:
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1) Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) ***PACEMAKER***
2) Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) 3) Bundle of HIS (AV Bundle) 4) Purkinje Fibers (conducting fibers) |
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Lies within the right atrium and initiates the cardiac impulse stimulating both the right and left atria to contract.
Blood in the atria is pushed into the ventricles and the impulses immediately arrive at the AV node. |
SA Node
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Average rate of the SA Node firing:
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Fires an impulse 60 to 100 times a minute (average of 72 times).
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Why is the SA node called the "pacemaker"?
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Because the SA node sets the rate at which the heart beats.
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Designed to work at a slower rate than the SA node to give the atria plenty of time to empty themselves of blood.
This brief delay causes the slight pause between the two sounds of the heart (LUBB - DUPP). It relays the impulses to the Bundle of HIS. |
AV Node
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The AV bundle that divides into the right and left bundles, which run in the interventricular septum to the right and left ventricles.
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Bundle of HIS
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Branches out of the right and left bundles of HIS, who's function is to spread the impulse thru-out the myocardium of the ventricles.
This second stimulation through the myocardium causes the ventricles to simultaneously contract, expelling the blood from the ventricles to the arteries. |
Purkinje Fibers
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The series of events occurring with each alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle, coordinated by the conducting system.
The firing action remains constant when the SA node acts alone. |
Cardiac Cycle
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Steps of the Cardiac Cycle:
(List 3) |
1) SA node fires, squeezing the atria to fill the ventricles.
2) Signal travels to the AV node, which slows the signal and sends it to the apex of the heart via the Bundle of HIS. 3) Purkinje fibers coordinate the simultaneous contraction of the ventricles. |
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Specialized portion of the medula oblongata that controls the majority of heart rate changes.
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Cardiovascular Center
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Other influencing factors on Heart Rate:
(List 6 with examples) |
1) Stress increases HR - Sympathetic division of ANS
2) Relaxation decreases HR - Parasympathetic division of ANS 3) High CO2 levels increase HR / High O2 levels decrease HR - exercise, emotional stress and altitude change = chemoreceptor input 4) Elevated temperature increases HR / Colder temperature decreases HR - TEMPERATURE 5) Younger age increases HR / Older age decreases HR - AGE 6) Healthier decreases HR / Unhealthy increases HR - GENERAL HEALTH |
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Heart Rate
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Number of ventricular contractions per minute.
BPM = beats per minute |
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Any deviation from a normal heart rate pattern.
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Arrhythmia
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Slow heart rate (less than or equal to 50 bpm) which may be the result of disease, however it is often normal for people who are physically fit.
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Bradycardia
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Rapid heart rate (greater than or equal to 100 bpm) may be the result of fever, strenuous exercise or emotions such as anxiety, and is the body's response to an increased demand for oxygen by the tissues.
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Tachycardia
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Closed network of tubular structures connected to the heart that transport blood to all the cells of the body, who's walls consist of three layers.
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Blood Vessels
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Three main groups of Blood Vessels:
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1) Arteries
2) Veins 3) Capillaries |
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Vessels that move oxygenated (already been to the lungs to receive oxygen) blood away from the heart.
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Arteries
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The only artery that contains deoxygenated blood, that moves blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.
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Pulmonary Artery
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Why are artery's vascular walls thicker and stronger than veins?
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Because they are closer to the pumping action of the heart and have to withstand higher blood pressure and they possess a unique elastic layer between the tunica interna and tunica media.
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Arteries that continue to branch off into smaller and thinner vessels.
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Arterioles
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Expansion effect that occurs when the left ventricle contracts , producing a wave of blood that surges through and expands arterial walls.
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Pulse
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Three layers (TUNICS) of Blood Vessel walls:
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1) Tunica Interna (INTIMA)
2) Tunica Media 3) Tunica Externa |
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Innermost layer of blood vessel wall which is endothelial tissue fused with a small quantity of elastic connective tissue.
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Tunica Interna or Intima
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Middle blood vessel wall layer which contains quantities of both connective tissue and smooth muscle.
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Tunica Media
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Outermost blood vessel wall layer possessing mostly connective tissue.
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Tunica Externa
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Blood supply of large blood vessels located in the tunica externa, often referred to as the "vessels of the vessels."
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Vasa Vasorum
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Similar properties of venal and arterial walls and their differences:
(List 2 for each) |
Similarities:
1) Elasticity 2) Contractility Differences: 1) Arterial walls are more elastic than venal walls. 2) Arteries have a thicker muscular layer than veins |
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Two sources that initiate vasoconstriction or vasodilation:
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1) Direct nerve stimulation
2) Local reflex response |
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Originates from the vasomotor center located in the medula oblongata.
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Direct Nerve Stimulation
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Results from a stimulus such as pressure (i.e.: massage) or temperature (i.e.: heat or cold application).
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Local Reflex Response
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Arterioles which have lost their two outer layers, leaving only endothelium, which possess a thin, permeable membrane for efficient gas exchange.
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Capillaries
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Nutrients and oxygen are provided to the tissues and waste from cells is removed from interstitial fluid.
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Capillary Exchange
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The diameter of the vascular lumen enlarges.
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Vasodilation
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The diameter of the vascular lumen becomes narrower.
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Vasoconstriction
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The exchange of gases through the capillaries.
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"Internal" or "Tissue" Respiration
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Tissue and organs that have extensive capillary networks (VASCULAR):
(List 6) |
1) Muscles
2) Liver 3) Spleen 4) Adrenals 5) Kidneys 6) Connective Tissue (ONE EXCEPTION) |
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AVASCULAR areas of the body devoid of capillaries:
(List 5) |
1) Cartilage
2) Epidermis 3) Hair 4) Nails 5) Lens & cornea of the eye |
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Begin at the capillary level and gradually become larger and drain the tissues and organs and return blood, which is now low in oxygen, back to the heart and lungs.
No pulse is felt and they are less elastic, possess thinner walls and are more pliable than arteries. |
Veins
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Smaller veins
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Venules
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To assist venous flow, lumina in veins are larger, have folds in the endothelium that form valves that open in the direction of the heart, and are one-way valves to prevent backflow and they work in conjunction with the pumping action of muscular contraction in the lungs.
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Venous Pump
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Veins also depend on pressure changes in the thorax and abdomen during breathing to push blood back to the heart.
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Respiratory Pump
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Where are veins generally located and why?
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They are generally located superficially and near the skeletal muscles so that muscular contraction can assist venous blood flow.
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They are generally consistent throughout the different areas of the body at any given time.
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Arterial and Venous blood pressure
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How does blood flow through the body?
(List 4 steps) |
1) Blood flows into the heart because the empty chamber expands and creates a lower pressure or suction effect.
2) Once blood fills the chamber, the contraction places force on the blood and pressure builds. 3) When the pressure inside the chamber overcomes the combination of the pressure outside the heart and the resistance of the valve, blood begins flowing out of the heart. 4) Blood continues to move forward by the one-way action of the valves of the heart. |
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Pressure exerted by blood on arterial walls during contraction of the left ventricle.
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Blood Pressure
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The pressure exerted on the arterial wall during ventricular contraction.
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Systolic Pressure
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The pressure against the arterial wall during the rest or pause between contractions.
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Diastolic Pressure
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Normal Blood Pressure
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120/80 mm Hg
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Borderline High Blood Pressure
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140/90 mm Hg
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High Blood Pressure
***REQUIRES MEDICAL ATTENTION*** |
160/95 mm Hg
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Considered to be the most critical health consideration.
A high reading may indicate that the heart is working too hard even during its resting phase. |
Diastolic Reading
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The amount of blood passing through a vessel in a given amount of time.
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Blood Flow
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Two factors of blood flow:
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1) Blood Pressure
2) Resistance of friction between the blood and the vessel wall. |
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Increased local blood flow.
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Hyperemia
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Decrease in local blood flow, often marked by pain and tissue dysfunction, e.g. sustained muscular contraction or spasm.
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Ischemia
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Factors that influence blood pressure:
(List 5) |
1) Resistance
2) Cardiac Output 3) Blood Volume 4) Homeostatic Regulation 5) Diseases |
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Effect of friction between the blood and vessel walls and is directly influenced by the blood viscosity and the diameter of the blood vessel.
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Resistance
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Thicker the blood, the more friction is created, causing blood pressure to rise.
-Thickness may be influenced by: medication, dehydration (reduced blood plasma) and increase in RBCs. |
Viscosity
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Smaller the ______________________, the more resistance it offers the blood, which raises the blood pressure.
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Diameter of the Blood Vessel
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Represents the blood volume expelled by the ventricles of the heart (stroke volume) multiplied by the heart rate (number of BPM).
In most resting adults 4 to 8L of blood per minute. Influenced by: 1) cardiovascular center of the brain, 2) certain blood chemicals, 3) health and 4) genetics of the person. |
Cardiac Output
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1) Volume of the blood increases when?
2) Volume of the blood decreases when? |
1) Blood pressure increases (e.g. Pregnancy)
2) Blood pressure decreases (e.g. Blood loss by hemorrhage) |
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Measures and attempts to maintain normal blood pressure though nervous, endocrine and urinary systems.
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Two paths of blood circulation:
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1) Pulmonary Circuit
2) Systemic Circuit |
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% of Blood Volume in the Pulmonary Circuit
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25% of total body blood volume.
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% of Blood Volume in the Systemic Circuit
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75% of total body blood volume.
20% Arterial 75% Venous Remaining 5% found in the Capillaries |
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Brings oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs through pulmonary arteries to pick-up oxygen and return to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.
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Pulmonary Circuit
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Brings oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body through the aorta and receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava to the right atrium.
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Systemic Circuit
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One-way system for drainage of excess fluid from the body's tissues and is a complement to the circulatory system.
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Lymphatic system
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Physiology or Functions of the Lymphatic System:
(List 3) |
1) Drain excess fluid (returns fluid to blood).
2) Transports fats (lipids) and some vitamins. 3) Provides immunity (defense against disease). |
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic System:
(List 5 parts) |
1) Lymph
2) Lymph Vessels 3) Lymph Glands 4) Lymphocytes 5) Lymphatic Organs |
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The fluid of the lymphatic system, primarily composed of a base fluid consisting of H2O with a few proteins and complex sugars.
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Lymph
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When lymph pools in an area.
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Edema
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Lymphatics:
(List 5) |
1) Lymph Capillaries
2) Lymph Nodes 3) Lymph Vessels 4) Lympahtic trunks 5) Two main collecting ducts |
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Same structures as blood's, but are larger, more irregular and more permeable.
They start in the tissues and exist in all parts of the body except: 1) bone marrow, 2) epidermis, 3) CNS and 4) eyes. |
Lymph Capillaries
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Located throughout lymphatic tributaries to filter the lymph moving through the system.
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Lymph Nodes
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Lymph capillaries become larger and compared with veins have thin walls and more valves that open in only one direction.
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Lymph Vessels
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Lymphatic vessels merge along similar pathways to form regional drainage.
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Lymphatic Trunks
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Regional draining lymphatic trunks join to form one of two - either right or left.
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Lymphatic Ducts
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Drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and the thorax into the right subclavian vein.
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Right Lymphatic Duct
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Drains lymph from all remaining parts of the body into the left subclavian vein.
Begins at the Cisterna Chyli and lies along the thoracic vertebrae. |
Thoracic Lymphatic Duct
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Lymphatic sac located between the abdominal aorta and the second lumbar region.
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Cisterna Chyli
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Primary Lymphatic Structures:
(List 2) |
1) Bone Marrow
2) Thymus |
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Secondary Lymphatic Structures:
(List 5) |
1) Spleen
2) Lymph Nodes 3) Tonsils 4) Peyer's Patches 5) Vermiform Appendix |
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Located in the hollow cavity of bones and produce immature lymphocytes, B-Cells mature here.
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Bone Marrow
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An Endocrine gland where T-Cells mature.
Large in infancy / largest at puberty / and atrophies in adults. |
Thymus
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The largest lymphatic organ that stores blood cells, destroys old RBCs and platelets and it's main activity is anti-body production.
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Spleen
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Bean-shaped structures along lymph vessels that collect and only place in lymphatic system that filters lymph.
Powerful immune defense stations that help protect the body from unwanted invaders, house phagocytes and lymphocytes (both B and T-Cells) that destroy bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances in the lymph before it is returned to the blood. When the body is experiencing a local infection those regional to it enlarge. More afferent vessels lead in than efferent vessels leave out. Three location concentrations: 1) cervical, 2) axillary and 3) inguinal. |
Lymph Nodes
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M A L T stands for:
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Mucosal-associated Lymphoid Tissue
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Collection of lymphoid cells or nodules in the mucosa or submucosa of the digestive tract.
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MALT
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List three MALT structures:
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1) Tonsils
2) Peyer's Patches 3) Vermiform Appendix |
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Embedded in mucous membrane around the throat.
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Tonsils
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Intestinal tonsils, in mucous membranes of small intestines.
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Peyer's Patches
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Located inferior to cecum, fights pathogens and other body intruders.
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Vermiform Appendix
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Paths of Lymph Circulation:
(List 3) |
1) Lymph moves back toward cardiovascular system
2) Lymph flows by milking of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle contraction and pressure changes during breathing 3) Lymph goes through right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct to return to blood stream by entering either right or left subclavian veins |
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An anatomical and physiological defense reaction to invading microorganisms.
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Immunity
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Two types of immunity:
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1) Natural Immunity
2) Acquired Immunity |
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The nonspecific responses to invading pathogens.
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Natural Immunity
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Natural Immune responses:
(List 6) |
1) Physical Barrier
2) Chemical Barrier 3) Complement Proteins 4) Phagocytes 5) Fever 6) Inflammation |
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Skin,mucosa or cilia.
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Physical Barrier
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Digestive enzymes, perspiration, vaginal secretions and acid mantel on skin.
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Chemical Barrier
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Proteins found in blood attacking foreign agents.
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Complement Proteins
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Engulf and digest pathogens with lysosmal enzymesand are involved with both natural and acquired immunity.
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Phagocytes
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Normal body temperature elevates to destroy many disease-producing organisms.
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Fever
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Stabilizes and prepares tissue for repair and is involved in both natural and acquired immunity with symptoms: local heat, swelling, redness, pain and decreased function.
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Inflammation
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Diverse but specific response to invaders using lymphocytes.
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Acquired Immunity
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Three types of cells involved with acquired immunity:
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1) B-Cells
2) T-Cells 3) Natural Killer Cells |
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Mature in bone marrow and produce antibodies.
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B-Cells
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Mature in Thymus and puncture hole in pathogen causing cytolysis.
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T-Cells
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Bind to pathogens and tumors to kill them.
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Natural Killer Cells
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Reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.
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ANEMIA
INDICATED |
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Weakened section of a blood vessel that bulges outward.
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ANEURISM
PHYSICIAN'S CLEARANCE |
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Constriction of coronary arteries and myocardial anoxia.
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ANGINA PECTORIS
INDICATED |
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Hardening of arteries.
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ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
PHYSICIAN'S CLEARANCE |
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Narrowing of arteries.
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ATHEROSCLEROSIS
PHYSICIAN'S CLEARANCE |
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Narrowing of arteries reducing blood flow to heart.
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CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
PHYSICIAN'S CLEARANCE |
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Blood clot, air bubble or debris transported in bloodstream.
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EMBOLISM
PHYSICIAN'S CLEARANCE |
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Abnormal heart sounds caused by problems with the heart valves.
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HEART MURMUR
PHYSICIAN'S CLEARANCE |
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A localized collection of blood trapped in tissues of organs, body space or skin.
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HEMATOMA
LOCAL CONTRAINDICATION |
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Elevated blood pressure.
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HYPERTENSION
CONTRAINDICATED IF NOT CONTROLLED |
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Dilation of extracranial blood vessels.
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MIGRAINE AND CLUSTER HEADACHES
CONTRAINDICATED IF HAVING A ATTACK |
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Numbness, pain and elevated blood pressure affecting both blood and lymph vessels.
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PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
LOCAL CONTRAINDICATION IF SYMPTOMS ARE SEVERE |
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Inflammation of the veins often accompanied by blood clot.
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PHLEBITIS
LOCAL CONTRAINDICATION |
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Periodic vasospasm in vessels of the extremities.
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RAYNAUD'S SYNDROME
INDICATED |
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Abnormally shaped hemoglobin which reduces oxygen supplid to tissues.
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SICKLE CELL DISEASE
PHYSICIAN'S CLEARANCE |
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Permanent dilation of capillaries, venules or arterioles.
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TELANGIECTASIA
INDICATED |
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Thrombus formation in an unbroken blood vessel.
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THROMBOPHLEBITIS
LOCAL CONTRAINDICATION |
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Event of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by ischemia or reduced blood flow.
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TIA
PHYSICIAN'S CLEARANCE |
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Characterized by an array of opportunistic infections and a low T-Cell count.
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AIDS
INDICATED |
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Immune system hypersensitivity and overreaction to otherwise harmless agents.
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ALLERGIES
INDICATED |
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Characterized by the onset of disabling fatigue, sometimes after viral infection, often accompanied by influenza-like symptoms such as low-grade fever, sore throat and headache.
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CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME
INDICATED |
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An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid tissues.
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EDEMA
CONTAINDICATED IF CLIENT HAS HISTORY OF HEART OR KIDNEY DISEASE OR IF CAUSED BY CONTRAINDICATED DISEASE. |
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Autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the connective tissues.
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LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
CONTRAINDICATED DURING FLARE-UPS |
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Acute viral infection that results from Epstein-Barr virus.
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MONONUCLEOSIS
CONTRAINDICATED |
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Local decrease in blood flow.
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ISCHEMIA
|
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Straw-colored liquid that helps transport blood cells.
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PLASMA
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The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each ventricular contraction.
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STROKE VOLUME
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Cells involved in blood clotting.
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PLATELETS
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Superior heart chamber.
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ATRIUM
|
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Enlargement of the vascular lumen.
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VASODILATION
|
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Universal blood recipient
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TYPE AB
|
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Genetically determined proteins on the surfaces of the RBCs.
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ANTIGENS
|
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Superficial artery in the throat region.
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CAROTID
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Cells that serve as part of the immune system.
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LEUKOCYTES
|
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Most numerous blood cells that possess hemoglobin.
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ERYTHROCYTES
|
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An iron-based protein that is red respiratory pigment in RBCs.
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HEMOGLOBIN
|
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Thick-walled inferior heart chamber.
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VENTRICLE
|
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Vessels that return deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
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VEINS
|
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Increased local blood flow.
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HYPEREMIA
|
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Vessels that move blood away from the heart.
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ARTERIES
|
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Universal blood donor.
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TYPE O
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Pressure exerted by blood on arterial walls during contraction of the left ventricle.
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BLOOD PRESSURE
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Generative lymphatic structure that produces precursors of all lymphocytes.
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BONE MARROW
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Lymphatic duct that drains the right arm, right side of head, and right half of thorax, dumping lymph into right subclavian vein.
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RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT
|
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Groups of specialized lymph tissues embedded in mucous membranes around the throat.
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TONSILS
|
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Thymus derived cells that respond quickly to pathogens, which include helper cells, cytotoxic cells and memory cells.
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T-CELLS
|
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Largest lymphatic organ.
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SPLEEN
|
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A protective mechanism that stabilizes and prepares the damaged tissue for repair, the symptoms of which are local heat, swelling, redness, pain and decreased function.
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INFLAMMATION
|
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Type of immunity that is a nonspecific response to invading pathogens.
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NATURAL IMMUNITY
|
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Lymphoid cells in the mucosa or submucosa of the alimentary canal.
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MALT - MUCOSAL ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE
|
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Filtering stations of lymph.
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LYMPH NODES
|
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Immunological response that is diverse but specific and involves lymphocytes.
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ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
|
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Lymphatic structure located inferior to the cecum.
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VERMIFORM APPENDIX
|
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Fluid of the lymphatic system.
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LYMPH
|
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Bone marrow-derived cells secreting antibodies that destroy antigens.
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B-CELLS
|
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Lymphatic duct that drains the majority of the body and dumps lymph into the left subclavian vein.
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THORACIC LYMPHATIC DUCT
|
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Lymphatic sac located between the abdominal aorta and the second lumbar region; inferior portion of the thoracic duct.
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CISTERNA CHYLI
|
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Generative lymphatic organ receiving immature T-Cells, maturing them into T-Cells.
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THYMUS
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