Circulatory System

Front 1

Erythropoiesis

Back 1

formation of erythrocytes or red blood cells. Occurs in myeloid tissue

Front 2

Myeloid tissue

Back 2

the red bone marrow of the humeri, femura, ribs, sternum, pelvis, & portions of the skull that produce erythrocytes, granular leukocytes, and platelets

Front 3

Lymphoid tissue

Back 3

Produces the agranular leukocytes (monocytes & lymphocytes); lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus.

Front 4

Polycythemia

Back 4

abnormal increase in erythrocytes within a blood sample

Front 5

Leukemia

Back 5

a disease that is characterized by a large number of immature leukocytes within a blood sample

Front 6

Leucopenia

Back 6

Decrease in the number of leukocytes in the blood placing patients at increased risk for infection

Front 7

Leucocytosis

Back 7

Raised leukocyte count above the normal range.

Front 8

Anemia

Back 8

any condition in which there is an abnormally low hemoglobin concntration and/or erythrocyte count. The most common is iron-deficiency anemia, which is due to a deficient intake or absorption of iron, or to excessive iron loss. In pernicious anemia, the production of RBCs is insufficient because of lack of a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12. Aplastic anemia is due to destruction of the red bone marrow, which may be caused by radiation or chemicals such as benzene or arsenic.

Front 9

Thrombosis

Back 9

Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessell, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

Front 10

Thrombus

Back 10

AKA blood clot; final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis and is achieved via the aggregation of platelets that form a platelet plug, and the activation of the humoral coagulation system.

Front 11

Embolus

Back 11

AKA embolism; a detached thrombus that travels through the bloodstream and lodges so as to obstruct or occlude a blood vessel. A embolus in a coronary artery is a coronary embolism; in a vessel of the lung it is a pulmonary embolism; and in the brain it is a cerebral embolism, which could cause a stroke.

Front 12

Ischemia

Back 12

A tissue is said to be ischemic when it receives an inadequate supply of oxygen because of inadequate blood supply. The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. The inadequacy depends on the metabolic requirements of the tissue for oxygen. An obstruction may allow sufficient blood flow at rest but produce ischemia when exercising.

Front 13

Infarct

Back 13

AKA myocardial infarct (MI); irreversible injury or necrosis (cellular death) of myocardial cells that occurs as a result of prolonged anaerobic respiration due to ischemia.

Front 14

Coarctation of Aorta

Back 14

a constriction of a segment of the aorta and is usually caused by tightening of remnant of the ductus arteriosus around the vessel

Front 15

Ductus arteriosus

Back 15

a shunt that develops in a fetus connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. it allows most of the blood from teh right ventricle to bypass the fetus' fluid-filled lungs, protecting the lungs from being overworked and allowing the left ventricle to strengthen.

Front 16

Stenosis

Back 16

AKA stricture; abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel

Front 17

Edema

Back 17

abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin, or in one or more cavities of the body.

Front 18

Metastasis

Back 18

the spread of a disease from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part.

Front 19

Lymphangitis

Back 19

inflammation of the lymphatic channels that occurs as a result of an infection at a site distal to the channel. In prolonged lymphadenitis (inflammation of the lymph nodes), a abscess (localized pocket of pus formed by tissue destruction) usually forms in the nodal tissue. If an infection is not contained by localized lymph nodes, lymphangitis may ensue.
In this condition, red streaks can be seen through the skin extending proximally from the infected area. it is potentially dangerous because an uncontained infection can cause septicemia (blood poisoning).

Front 20

Superior Vena Cava

Back 20

Vein that takes unoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium.

Front 21

Inferior Vena Cava

Back 21

Vein that takes unoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium.

Front 22

Musculi Pectinati

Back 22

muscular fibers on the external wall of the atrium that are raised into parallel ridges resembling teeth of a comb.

Front 23

Fossa Ovalis

Back 23

an embryonic remnant of the foramen ovale found in the right atrium.

Front 24

Crista Terminalis

Back 24

vertical crest on the interior of the right atrium where the right atrium meets the right auricle

Front 25

Right Auricle

Back 25

a small conical muscular pouch attached to the right atrium. It projects from the upper and front part of the sinus forward and toward the left side, overlapping the root of the aorta

Front 26

Right Atrioventricular Valve (Tricuspid)

Back 26

valve between the right atrium and right ventricle that connects to the papillary muscles by the chordae tendinae, which lie in the right ventricle.

Front 27

Pulmonary Veins

Back 27

veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. they are the only veins in a human adult that carry oxygenated blood. There are 4 in number, 2 from each lung and are destitute of valves. They are: right inferior, right superior, left inferior, and left superior.

Front 28

Left Atrioventricular Valve (Bicuspid)

Back 28

AKA mitral valve; dual-flap valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Front 29

Left Auricle

Back 29

muscular pouch connected to the left atrium.

Front 30

Coronary Sulcus

Back 30

Separates the atria from the ventricles; this contains the trunks of the nutrient vessels of the heart and is deficient in front, where it is crossed by the root of the pulmonary artery. The anterior and posterior interventricular veins converge to form the coronary sinus channel on the posterior surface of the heart.

Front 31

Coronary Sinus

Back 31

collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium. It opens into the auricle between the inferior vena cava and the auriculo-ventriuclar opening.

Front 32

Coronary Arteries

Back 32

Supply blood to the myocardium. Arise from the ascending part of the aorta near the aortic (semilunar) valve. They encircle the heart w/in the atrioventricular sulcus, the depression between the atria and ventricles. The main trunks of the right and left coronaries anastomose on the posterior surface of the heart.

Front 33

Marginal Branch of RCA

Back 33

Serves the walls of the right atrium and right ventricle

Front 34

Posterior Interventricular Branch of RCA

Back 34

Passes through the interventricular sulcus to serve the both ventricles

Front 35

Circumflex Branch of LCA

Back 35

supplies oxygenated blood to the walls of the left atrium and left ventricle

Front 36

Anterior Interventricular Branch of LCA

Back 36

Passes within the anterior interventricular sulcus to serve both ventricles

Front 37

Trabeculae Carnae

Back 37

distinct ridges on the endocardium of both ventricles.

Front 38

Papillary Muscle

Back 38

Cone-shaped muscles that secure chordae tendinae to the ventricular wall to prevent valves from everting when the ventricles contract and the ventricular pressure increases.

Front 39

Chordae Tendinae

Back 39

Strong tendinous cords that hold values in position

Front 40

Right Atrioventricular Valve

Back 40

AKA tricuspid valve because it is characterized by 3 valve leaflets or cusps. Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. Ventricular contraction causes the AV valve to close.

Front 41

Left Atrioventricular Valve

Back 41

AKA bicuspid valve or mitral valve. Separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. When the left ventricle is relaxed, the valve is open, allowing blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricle; when the left ventricle contracts, the valve closes to prevent backflow of blood into the atrium.

Front 42

Pulmonary valve

Back 42

AKA pulmonary semilunar valve; lies at the base of the pulmonary trunk, where it prevents the backflow of ejected blood into the right ventricle

Front 43

Aortic valve

Back 43

AKA aortic semilunar valve; located at the base of hte ascending portion of the aorta, closes as a result of the pressure of the blood when the left ventricle relaxes, and thus prevents the backflow of blood into the relaxed ventricle.

Front 44

Interventricular Septum

Back 44

Thick muscular tissue that separates the ventricles

Front 45

Interatrial Septum

Back 45

Thin muscular tissue that separates the atria.