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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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atria |
the two upper chambers of the heart that collect blood flowing into the heart; right atrium receives blood from systemic circulation, and the left from pulmonary circulation |
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ventricles |
the two lower chambers of the heart; each ventricle receives blood from one of the atria and pumps it into systemic or pulmonary circulation |
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septum
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the muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart
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vena cavae |
two large vessels, the superior and inferior vena cavae, that open into the right atrium of the heart |
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pulmonary arteries |
blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs |
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pulmonary veins |
blood vessels that carry blood from the lungs to the heart |
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aorta |
major artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to all regions of the body except the lungs |
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valve |
membranous extension of a vessel or the heart wall that opens and closes, ensuring one-way fluid flow |
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artery |
blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart |
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vein |
blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood to the heart |
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capillary |
the smallest blood vessel; gases and other substances are exchanged between the circulatory system and body tissues across the capillary wall, which is only a single cell thick |
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sinoatrial (SA) node |
bundle of specialized muscle tissue located in the wall of the right atrium of the mammalian heart; generates an electrical impulse that stimulates cardiac muscle fibres to contract and relax rhythmically, producing a regular heartbeat |
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atrioventricular (AV) node |
bundle of specialized muscle tissue located in the wall of the right atrium; receives electrical stimulus from the sinoatrial node and transmits this impulse over the walls of the ventricles to start their contraction |
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blood pressure |
pressure exerted against blood vessel walls as circulating blood passes through the vessels |
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systolic pressure |
maximum blood pressure exerted during ventricular contraction |
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diastolic pressure |
the lowest blood pressure exerted before the ventricles contract |
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pulmonary pathway |
in animals, the circulatory pathway that carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart |
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systemic pathway |
in animals, the circulatory pathway that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body tissues, and oxygen-poor blood from the tissues back to the heart |
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coronary pathway |
in animals, the circulatory pathway that supplies oxygen-rich blood to and carries deoxygenated blood from the muscle tissue of the heart |
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plasma |
fluid portion of the blood, made up of water plus dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and waste products |
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formed portion |
solid portion of the blood consisting of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
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erythrocyte (red blood cell) |
blood cell that contains the respiratory protein hemoglobin and is specialized for oxygen transport |
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hemoglobin |
iron-containing respiratory pigment found in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues |
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leucocyte (white blood cell) |
colourless blood cell that protects the body from infection by way of the immune response, and also plays a role in allergic reactions and inflammation; three types include granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes |
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platelet |
component of the formed portion of the blood, consisting of fragments of cells that are created when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart; contains no nucleus and plays a key role in blood clotting |
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vasodilation |
expansion in the diameter of blood vessels; vasodilation near the skin brings more blood to the surface to help reduce body temperature |
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vasoconstriction |
decrease in the diameter of blood vessels; vasconstriction near the skin conserves body heat |
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interstitial fluid |
fluid that surrounds all cells in the body |
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hemophilia |
inherited, life-threatening disorder resulting from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood |
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leukemia |
cancer of the white blood cells; two main types are myeloid and lymphoid |
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lymphatic circulatory system |
network of glands and vessels that carry lymph throughout the mammalian body; helps to maintain the balance of fluids in the body |
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lymph |
interstitial fluid carried throughout the body in the lymphatic circulatory system; is either colourless or pale yellow, with a composition much like the plasma of blood |
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cell-mediated immunity (non-specific defence) |
non-specific component of the immune system that involves the activation of white blood cells, specifically macrophages, neutrophils and monocytes, rather than the production of antibodies |
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phagocytosis |
process by which a cell ingests another cell, bacterium, or particle of organic matter |
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macrophage |
phagocytic white blood cell that develops from a monocyte; acts as a scavenger, ingesting dead cells and foreign material, and killing micro-organisms; macrophages also stimulate other cells in the immune system |
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immunity |
ability of the body to protect itself from foreign, disease-causing agents through a specific defence mechanism that uses antibody proteins to recognize, neutralize, and destroy foreign substances |
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antibody-mediated immunity (specific defence) |
component of the immune system that involves the activation of lymphocytes and the secretion of antibodies specific to a specific antigen |
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antibody |
proteins that recognize foreign substances in the body and neutralize or destroy them |
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lymphocyte |
type of white blood cell involved in both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity; types include B and T cells |
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B cell |
lymphocyte that is activated by a specific antigen to produce memory B cells and plasma cells; plasma cells produce antigen specific antibodies |
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T cell |
lymphocyte that is primarily responsible for cell-mediated immunity; roles include activation of certain immune cells, destruction of invading pathogens, suppression of cellular immunity, and promotion of immune response upon reinfection; types include helper, killer, supressor, and memory T cells |
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antigen |
molecule found on the surface of cells and pathogens; can be recognized by the body's immune system |
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helper T cell |
lymphocyte that, upon recognizing an antigen, gives off chemical signals that stimulate certain immune cells (macrophages, B cells, and other T cells) to perform their respective functions |
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killer T cell |
cytotoxic lymphocyte that binds with infected cells and destroys them by puncturing a hole in their membrane; may be activated indirectly by chemical signals from a helper T cell or directly by the presence of the invading pathogen and associated antigens |
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suppressor T cell |
lymphocyte that slows and suppresses the cell-mediated immune response to an antigen to ensure that healthy tissues are not destroyed |
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memory T cell |
lymphocyte that carries receptors for a specific foreign antigen that was encountered in an earlier infection or through vaccination; memory T cells quickly promote an immune response if the same antigen is re-encountered in a subsequent infection |
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ABO system |
classification system for human blood antigens in which the presence or absence of type A or type B antigens on red blood cells determines blood type as A, B, AB, or O |
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Rh factor |
group of antigens found in most red blood cells; people with the Rh factor on their red blood cells are termed with Rh positive and people without it are Rh negative |
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autoimmune disorder |
condition in which T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body's own cells as if they had foreign antigens |
