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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three components of the internal transport system?
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Blood, blood vessels, and the heart
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What is the difference between closed and open systems?
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In closed systems, the blood is contained in blood vessels.
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What are 5 functions of blood?
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Carries oxygens and nutrients to the cell
Carries secretions and wastes away from the cell Contains phagocytic cells to fight infection Stabilizes the internal pH to 7.4 Equalizes body temperature in birds and mammals |
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How much blood does the average adult have?
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4-5 quarts
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What is plasma?
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The fluid portion of blood
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What is plasma made up of?
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Mostly water with ions, glucoses, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, hormones
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What do plasma proteins do?
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Some transport lipids and vitamins, some function in the immune system and blood clotting, and some dissolve gases
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What are the two types of cells in blood?
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Erythrocytes and leukocytes
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What are erythrocytes?
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Bioconcave disks that transport oxygen
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Where are erythrocytes formed?
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The red bone marrow from stem cells
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What is the lifespan and makeup of an erythrocyte?
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120 days; no nucleus
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How many erythrocytes do humans have?
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5.4 mil for men and 4.8 mil for women
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How are old erythrocytes removed?
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Through phagocytosis
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What 2 things do leukocytes do?
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Remove dead or worn out cells
Protect against invading microbes and foreign agents |
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Where do leukocytes come from?
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Stem cells in the bone marrow
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What are the 5 types of leukocytes?
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Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrohils, eosinophils, basophils
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What is the function of lymphocytes?
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They are the "B" and "T" cells involved in immune responses
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What is the function of monocytes and neutrophils?
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They are "search-and-destroy" cells
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Which type of leukocytes are the most numerous?
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Neutrophils
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What are 2 important characteristics of leukocytes?
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They have nuclei and divide via mitosis
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What are platelets and where are they produced?
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They are fragments of megakaryocytes produced by bone marrow stem cells (no nucleus)
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What is the main function of platelets?
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Hemostasis
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What substance is released from platelets to initiate blood clotting?
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Fibrinogen
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What happens after fibrinogen is released?
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A fibrous tissue is formed trapping platelets and forming a clump of blood which coagulates and forms a clot
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What is blood typing based on?
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The surface markers of red blood cells
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What is agglutination and when does it happen?
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Clumping. When two blood types are mixed.
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Explain Rh blood typing.
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Rh+ has markers and produces antibodies. If Rh+ and Rh- mix antibodies can cause clumping (fatal for unborn babies)
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What is the path of blood?
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Heart>arteries>arterioles>capillaries>venules>veins>heart
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What are the two circuits of the heart?
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Pulmonary and systemic circuits
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Where does the pulmonary circuit go?
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It transports blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
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Where does the systemic circuit go?
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It returns blood to the left side of the heart from which it's pumped to the body
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What is the heart?
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A cardiac muscle in a fibrous sac
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What does each half of the heart consist of?
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An atrium and ventricle chamber
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What are semilunar valves?
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Valves at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery which prevent blood backflow
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What are the two modes of the ventricle and what happens in each?
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Systole-contraction, blood is pushed out
Diastole-relaxation, blood fills the ventricles |
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What is the purpose of the SA node?
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It sends out electrical pulses from the atrium causing it to contract and pump blood from the ventricle
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What is the purpose of the AV node?
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It conducts the electrical pulse from the SA node and spreads it to the ventricles, making muscles contract and pump out the blood
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What are capillaries, what are their walls made up of, and how are materials transported?
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Smallest vessels; endothelial cells; diffusion
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What is the function of veins?
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The move blood back to the heart
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What prevents backflow and why?
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Valves, because blood pressure and resistance to flow are low
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What does skeletal muscle movement do to veins?
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Squeezes veins and pushes blood
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What do arteries do?
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Conduct blood away from heart
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What are artery walls made up of and why?
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They are elastic and they smooth out pulsations
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How do arterioles regulate arteries?
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They are control points
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What controls the allocation of blood from the arteries?
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The nervous and endocrine systems
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What organs controls volume and composition of blood in the long term?
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The kidneys
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What is the average blood pressure of an adult?
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120/80 mm Hg
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What is the lymphatic vascular system made up of?
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Lymph capillaries and vessels; nodes that hold leukocytes
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What does the LVS do?
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Returns excess fluid and leaked proteins to capillaries
Transports fats Carries pathogens, foreign cells, and cellular debris to lymph nodes for disposal Bathes the cells to carry off waste |
