Circulatory

Front 1

circulation in molluscs

Back 1

open, all have hearts some have bv some sinuses

Front 2

crculation in arthropods

Back 2

crustacenas mostly open exc cephalopods

insects open

Front 3

what is unique about crustacean circulation

Back 3

some control of their hemolymph distribution (ostia)

Front 4

what is unique about insect circulation

Back 4

separate tracheal system and multiple contractile hearts

Front 5

movement of flagella circulation to pump water

Back 5

porifera

Front 6

ciliated cells move institial flow by bulk flow

Back 6

platyhelminthes

Front 7

use mmusclular contraction to move water

Back 7

cnidarians

Front 8

what makes up the tunica intima

Back 8

endothelial cells (vascular)

Front 9

what makes up tunica media

Back 9

smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue

Front 10

what makes up tunica externa

Back 10

collagen

Front 11

What are the 3 types of capillaries

Back 11

continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal

Front 12

Where are continuous capillaries found

Back 12

skin, muscle, CNS (BBB)

Front 13

where are fenestrated capillaries found

Back 13

kidneys, endocrine, intestine

Front 14

where are sinusoidal capillaries found

Back 14

liver and bone marrow (large proteins)

Front 15

Arthropod Heart

Back 15

heart pumps hemoplymph out of arteries, comes back thru ostia

suspended with ligaments

neurogenic

Front 16

cardiac cycle of arthropods

Back 16

neurons of cardiac ganglion spontaneos, vocontraction as normal, closing ostia valves, stretched ligaments pull open heart walls as blood leaves to increase volume

Front 17

4 parts of the vertebrate heart wall

Back 17

pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Front 18

Where do the para and sympa innervate the heart (what layer)

Back 18

epicardium

Front 19

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

Back 19

sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbus arteriosus

Front 20

contraction of fish heart

Back 20

sinus venosus atrium contracts ventricles contract (ventricle) into bulbus arteriosus, flows out

Front 21

Amphibian heart

Back 21

3 chambers with trabeculae and spiral fold

Front 22

mechanism of amphibian heart

Back 22

deoxy blood thru sinus venosus, goes into ventricle, up the to the conus arteriosus by picking the proper side of sspiral fold (right for pulomnary) - comes back in the pulmonary vein left atrium - back ventricle - up left side of fold

Front 23

reptile hearts

Back 23

2 atria 3 ventricles (cavum venosum, cavum pulmonale, cavum arteriosum)

Front 24

mechanism of reptile heart contraction

Back 24

pulmonary vein to cavum arteriosum, ridge shuts off cavum pulmonale (for deoxy), it must then go up the cavum venosumthen it goes up to the aortas.

Front 25

what's weird about the reptile heart order of ventricles

Back 25

cavum venosum pumps into the aortas

Front 26

right to left shunt

Back 26

deoxy bypasses reenters during breath holding

Front 27

left to right shunt

Back 27

oxy blood reenters, aids oxygen delivery to myocardium

Front 28

isovolumetric contraction

Back 28

both AV and aortic valves losed, occurs during the RS of the pqrs

Front 29

atrial systole part of wave

Back 29

P wave

Front 30

ventricular ejection part of wve

Back 30

T wave

Front 31

What is the law of bulk flow

Back 31

Q=pressure change over resistance

Front 32

Resistance equation

Back 32

8Ln/pie R4

Front 33

puiseuille's equn

Back 33

Q=change in P pi r^4/8Ln

Front 34

What is fick's law of diffusion

Back 34

Diffusion rate equals concentration gradient times surface area times diffusion coefficient over distance travel

Front 35

how does increasing heart rate work

Back 35

via the phosphorylating of Funny and T type Ca+ channels on autorhythmic cells (pacemakers)

Front 36

What causes the plateau phase in extended action potentials

Back 36

Calcium entry via L type channels

Front 37

what part of the EEG is the plateau phase

Back 37

the ST segment

Front 38

wjat is the eqn for cardiac output

Back 38

heart rate times stroke volume

Front 39

what is the frank starling effect

Back 39

the distance of overlap between thick and thin filaments has a greater rate of contraction at normal biological level. sympa activity shifts the graph up

Front 40

what is chronotopy

Back 40

HR regulation by the rate of SA node depolarization (pae maker rate regulation)

Front 41

what is inotropy

Back 41

nervous and endo contractile modulation by EC coupling (stroke volume regulation)

Front 42

decreasing heart rate pathway

Back 42

medulla->para->Ach->muscarinic->Gi->deactivates T-type Ca++ because not phosphorylated, leaves K channels open (doesnt touch them) -- increases time for dep, decreases heart rate

Front 43

NE on cardiomyocyte mechanism

Back 43

bind to b1->ac->camp->pka->->opens ca++ on SR ->phosphorylates myosin->phosphorylates ca++atpase (removal quickly)-> opens L type Ca++ which stimulates contraction (this is how there is a plateau phase

Front 44

if norepenephrine increases Ca++atpase on the SR why is this stimulatory

Back 44

it speeds up removal from cytoplasm which means that there is less relaxation time (relaxing is the removal of it)

Front 45

NE on cardiomyocyte RESULT

Back 45

increase in stroke volume

Front 46

Mean arterial pressure equation

Back 46

CO x TPR

Front 47

What is myogenic autoregulation?

Back 47

stretch sensitive smooth muscle cells in arterioles contract with an increase in BP (neg feedback)

Front 48

what is the purpose of cntraction as an autoregulation in arterioles

Back 48

prevents excessive flow of blood into tissues

Front 49

NE effect on arterioles

Back 49

vaso constriction

Front 50

effect of decreased sympathetic tone on arterioles

Back 50

vasodilation

Front 51

Vasopressin is released from and causes what

Back 51

posterior pituitary, vasoconstriction (generalized) (first order)

Front 52

angiotensin II produced where and in response to what?

Back 52

in liver, in response to a decrease in blood pressure (constriction)

Front 53

atrial natriuretic peptide

Back 53

from atria stretch cells, released during exercise to compensate for increase BP by causing vasodilation (natural big)

Front 54

does para affect HR or SV or both and does Sympa affect one or the other or both?

Back 54

para only HR, sympa HR and SV

Front 55

what are baroreceptors

Back 55

stretch sensitive mechanoreceptors esp in carotid arteries and aorta

Front 56

where do baroreceptors send signals to

Back 56

medulla oblongota cardiovascular control center

Front 57

baro receptor reflex regulates MAP by...?

Back 57

high map causes baro to fire more, which go to medulle, which decrease sympa output and NE release, which casuses vasodilation of muscles (decrease in peripheral resistance) and decrease force of contraction (myocardium-SV) and decrease cardiac output which is hrxsv and also decrease HR by SA node (less stimulated by epi)