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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pumps of the circulatory system |
Heart Skeletal Muscles Osmotic |
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Pipes of the circulatory system |
Arteries Veins Capillaries Lymphatics |
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Tunics of circulatory system |
Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia |
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Tunica intima |
Innermost layer for lining and support |
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Tunica media |
Smooth muscle layer |
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Tunica adventitia |
Connective tissue |
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Two circuits in mammals |
Pulmonary Systemic |
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Pulmonary circuit |
Low pressure (right side) |
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Systemic circuit |
High pressure (left side) |
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Layers in the heart |
Tunica intima - ENDOCARDIUM Tunica media - MYOCARDIUM Tunica adventitia - EPICARDIUM |
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Edocardium made up of |
Endothelium and Basement Membrane |
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Myocardium made up of |
Cardiac myocytes and Fibrocytes |
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Epicardium made up of |
Epicardium and Visceral pericardium |
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Pericardium made up of |
Simple squamous mesothelium and fibrous tissue backing |
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Vasa vasorum |
Vasculature in heart and vessels that provides O2 to them |
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Purkinje fibres |
Large clear cells within skeleton of the heart and interventricular septum |
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Bundle of His |
Atrioventricular bundles of Purkinje fibres |
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Cardiac muscle histology.. |
Striated Intercalated discs (gap junctions) Branching Central nuclei |
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Fascia adherens |
Transverse portion forms mechanical coupling (Cell junction found in non-epithelial and non-endothelial cells) |
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Lateral portion that forms electrical coupling |
Gap junctions |
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Electrical conduction pathways through the heart |
SA - sinoatrial node Internodal pathways AV - atrioventricular node AV bundles Bundle branches Purkinje fibres |
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Heart beat is |
Intrinsic to heart |
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What can modulate heart rate |
Extrinsic nervous input |
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Skeleton of the heart composition |
Fibrous and fibrocartilage Chordae tendineae |
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Fibrous and fibrocatilage |
Base of valve leaflets Base of aorta and pulmonary arteries Non-contractile; electric insulator |
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Chordae tendinae |
Attach valves to papillary muscles *Connective tissue envelope (perimysium-epimysium) fuses into tendon |
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What structures contain one-way valves |
Veins and Lymphatics |
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Osmotic pump |
High intravascular osmotic pressure that drives fluids back into the vessel luminae |
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Where is the osmotic pump particularly important? |
Viscera Lungs Peritoneal cavity Heart |
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Oncotic pressure |
Like osmotic pressure, but doesn't include small ions, because they pass freely through capillary walls |
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What does the reflection coefficient omega relate to? |
Capillary wall permeability to protein |
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Reflective coefficient of 0 |
leaky capillary |
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Reflective coefficient of >0.9 |
continuous capillary |
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Artery classification |
By Size By Histological appearance |
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Size classification of arteries |
Large, Medium, Small (arterioles) |
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Histological appearance classification of arteries |
Elastic - prominent elastic fibres Muscular - thick smooth muscle layer Arterioles - modest smooth muscle layer Capillaries - one cell layer of endothelium |
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One cell layer of endothelium called |
Pericytes |
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Histological organization of vessels: Tunica adventia |
Prominent connective tissue Small vessels and small nerves |
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Histological organization of vessels: Tunica media |
Characterized by smooth muscle Internal elastic lamina separates from tunica intima |
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Histological organization of vessels: Tunica intima |
Basal lamina Endothelium |
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Composition and thickness of arteries and veins vary with |
Size and type |
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In veins, tunica intima is |
Folded to form valves |
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In veins, tunica media is |
Modest (or absent) compared to arteries |
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Capillary types |
Continuous Sinusoids Fenestrated Porous |
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Continuous capillaries found in |
Most everywhere, esp CNS *Tight junctions between endothelial arms |
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Sinusoid capillaries found in |
Liver, bone marrow, and endocrine |
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Fenestrated capillaries found in |
Gut |
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Porous capillaries found in |
Kidneys |
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What do pericytes do? |
Extend processes around discontinuous or fenestrated epithelium |
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Lymphatic vessels |
Collect extracellular fluid and return it to venous side via thoracic duct |
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Lymphatic capillaries |
Blind-ended Lack basement membrane Lack pericytes |
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Sites of T and B lymphocytes |
Lymph organs |
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Some lymph organs |
Lymph nodes Tonsils Peyer's patches Spleen Thymus Diffuse lymphoid tissue |
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Lymph node composition |
Capsule Cortex Medulla |
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Lymph Node Capsule |
Connective tissue and Smooth muscle Extend as trabeculae |
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Lymph Node Cortex |
Lymph nodules (Corona + Germinal centres) Cortical sinuses |
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Lymph Node Medulla |
Cords - extensions of diffuse lymphatic tissues from cortex Medullary sinuses |
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Cells of lymph node |
Leukocytes Reticular cells |
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Leukocytes in lymph node |
Nodules and diffuse lymphoid tissue -B and T lymphocytes -Plasma cells -Monocytes/Macrophages |
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Reticular cells in lymph node |
Supportive network -fibroblastic cells |
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What do reticular cells secrete? |
Collagen 3 and elastin (reticular network) IL-7 |
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what does IL-7 do? |
Survival factor for T cells |
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Lymph node filtration function |
Clear of antigens and debris |
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Functions of the Spleen |
Red cell and Iron metabolism/turnover Immune system function - B and T cells |
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Structure of Spleen |
Red and white pulp Capsule and trabeculae Lymphoid and Blood circulation Peri-Arterial Lymphatic Sheath (PALS) |
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Capsule and Trabeculae have |
Connective tissue stroma |
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Red pulp of spleen |
Rich in RBCs - congested venous sinuses |
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White pulp of spleen |
Lymph nodules Lymphoid tissue around arteries |
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Thymus is a |
Mediastinal organ *Largest at birth, replaced by fat with age |
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Follicular structure of thymus |
Capsule with septae |
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Cortex of thymus has |
Small, densely packed T-lymphocytes |
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Medulla of thymus has |
Larger lymphocytes (blasts) |
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Thymus contains only... |
Efferent lymph vessles |
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Thymus contains (what type of cells) |
Epithelio-reticular cells |
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Epithelio-reticular cells |
Secrete thymic hormones Form blood-thymus barrier |
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Epithelio-reticular cells contain |
Epithelioid bodies *unique to thymus |
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Epithelioid bodies aka |
Hassell's corpuscles |
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Unique histological ID for thymus? |
Hassell's corpuscles |
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Functions of thymus |
Proliferation of T-lymphocytes Development of immunocompetent T-cells Development of immunological self-tolerance Secretion of hormones for T-cell development |
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Proliferation of T-lymphocytes occurs in the |
Thymic cortex |
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Development of immunocompetent T-cells |
Lymphocyte differentiation in cortex (epithelial cells) Further differentiation in medulla (dendritic cells) |
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Development of immunological self-tolerance |
~5% of the T-cells formed survive to recognize self-MHC encoded surface glycoproteins, which enables immunotolerance to antigen-presenting cells from the same person |
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Secretion of hormones for T-cell development |
Thymosin Thymulin Thymopoietin |
