Circulation

Front 1

lyphatic system

Back 1

collects excess body fluids and returns them to the cardiovascular system

Front 2

hepatic portal system

Back 2

transport in the brain

Front 3

hypophyseal portal system

Back 3

transport in the brain

Front 4

systole

Back 4

period during which the ventricles contract

Front 5

diastole

Back 5

period of cardiac muscle relatxation during which blood drains into all four chambers

Front 6

cardiac output

Back 6

heart rate x stroke volume

Front 7

Sinovial (SA) node

Back 7

- pacemaker
- spreads impulses through both atria, stimulating them to contract simultaneously

Front 8

Atrioventricular (AV) valve

Back 8

- conducts slowly to allow enough time for atiral contraction and for the ventricles to fill with blood

Front 9

bundle of His (AV) bundle

Back 9

carries impulses from AV node and branches into Purkinje fibers

Front 10

Purkinje fibers

Back 10

carries impulses from bundle of His to walls of both ventricles, generating a strong contraction

Front 11

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 11

innervates the heart via the vagus nerve and causes a decrease in the heart rate

Front 12

sympathetic system

Back 12

innervates the heart via the cervial and upper thoracic ganglia and causes an increase in the heart rate

Front 13

adrenal medulla

Back 13

- exerts hormonal control via epinephrine (adrenaline) secretion
- causes increase in heart rate

Front 14

Blood pressure

Back 14

- sytolic/diastolic
- drops from artery to capillary dur to friction between blood and walls of vessels and increase in cross-sectional area given by numerous capillary beds

Front 15

Erythrocytes

Back 15

- formed from stem cells in bone marrow
- no nuclei, mitochondria
- anaerobic and obtain their ATP via glycolysis

Front 16

Leukocytes

Back 16

- arise from stem cells in marrow of long bones
- granular, lymphocytes, and monocytes

Front 17

granular lymphocytes

Back 17

- neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
- role in inflammation, allergic reaction, pus formation, and destruction of invading bacteria

Front 18

lyphocytes

Back 18

- produced in lymph nodes, tonsil, spleen, appendix, thymus, and bone marrow
- involved in production of antibodies

Front 19

monocytes

Back 19

- phagocytize foreign matter
- mature to macrophages

Front 20

platelets

Back 20

- cell fragments
- lack nuclei
- function in clot formation

Front 21

Rh factor

Back 21

- woman can be sensitized by an Rh+ fetus if fetal red blood cells enter maternal circulation
- woman will produce antibodies to Rh factor
- becomes a problem if she has another child because Rh antibodies will attach an RH+ fetus

Front 22

Bohr Effect

Back 22

increasing concentrations in H+ and CO2 in blood decrease hemoglobin's O2 affinity in the tissues thus increasing release of O2 in the tissues

Front 23

carbonic anhydrase

Back 23

catalyzes:

CO2 + H2O <--> H+ + HCO3-

Front 24

lymph capillaries

Back 24

fats enter lymphatic system through lymph capillaries in small intestine and drain into bloodstream bypassing the liver

Front 25

hydrostatic pressure

Back 25

- greater at the arteriole end of capillaries than the surrounding tissue fluids
- causes fluid to move OUT of capillaries at arteriole end and INTO the tissues

Front 26

osmotic pressure

Back 26

- solute concentration
- higher in the blood than in the tissue fluid
- causes fluid to move back into capillaries at venule end

Front 27

artierole end hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Back 27

- arteriole end of capillary bed is greater than opposing osmotic pressure
- pressure difference favors hydrostatic pressue so there is a net flow of fluid out of capillaries

Front 28

venule end hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Back 28

- osmotic pressure across the wall is greater than the hydrostatic pressure
- pressure difference draws fluid into the capillaries

Front 29

humoral immunity

Back 29

- production of antibodies
- B cells response

Front 30

cell-mediated immunity

Back 30

- involves cells that combat fungal and viral infection
- T cell response

Front 31

active immunity

Back 31

- production of antibodies furing an immune response
- conferred by vaccination

Front 32

passive immunity

Back 32

- involves transfer of antibodies produced by another individual
- very short-lived

Front 33

cytotoxic T cells

Back 33

- destroy antigens directly

Front 34

helper T cells

Back 34

- activate other B and T cells, and macrophages

Front 35

suppressor T cells

Back 35

- regulate other B and T cells to decrease their activity against antigens

Front 36

lymph capillaries

Back 36

- collect fats by absorbing chylomicrons in small intestine and transporting them to cardiovascular circulation

Front 37

lymph flow

Back 37

regulated by contraction of neighboring skeletal muscles and rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels themselves

Front 38

lymph

Back 38

excess intersitial fluid transported by lymphatic system to cardiovascular system

Front 39

lymph nodes

Back 39

- swellings along lumph vessels
- contain phagocytic cells that filter lumph to remove and destroy foreign particles

Front 40

Sequence for cardia impulse

Back 40

SA node --> AV node --> bundle of His --> Purkinje fivers --> ventricles

Front 41

Hemoglobin's affinity of O2

Back 41

decreases as blood pH decreases

Front 42

The tricuspid valve prevents backflow of blood from the...

Back 42

right ventricle into the right atrium

Front 43

How does the pH of arterial blood affect the rate of ventilation?

Back 43

decrease in pH = increase in ventilation