Ciee Trop Marine Con Bio 2

Front 1

5 things that affect marine reserve design

Back 1

location
size
shape
number
human dimension and regulations

Front 2

What are characteristics that affect location

Back 2

habitat types (1 or more?)
Oceanographic features that link habitat
ecological important areas (spawning)
potential for recovery
how vulnerable it is
what activities surround it
perceptions of people
opportunities that will result from it

Front 3

What are two types of open ocean reserves

Back 3

seamount
epipelagic

Front 4

What is special about seamounts

Back 4

biological hotspots
intercept currents
sediment free?
complex communities
endemism
localized upwelling

Front 5

island wake effect

Back 5

currents hitting seamount will upwell

Front 6

why is the epipelagic zone important

Back 6

it is where more fishing occurs
upwelling occurs which affects all trophic levels

Front 7

Challenges with open ocean reserves

Back 7

life cycles occur in different areas
ghost fishing
open ocean is dynamic
enforcement problems
Who owns the benthos?

Front 8

ghost fishing

Back 8

not allowing certain types of fishing, but in the end what is allowed will end up doing damage too

Front 9

Two types of seamount conservation

Back 9

no trawl mpas
reserves

Front 10

Considerations for epipelagic conservation

Back 10

dynamic boundaries
size
follow fish using current and use that as the means to define where fishing is not allowed

Front 11

what is important about the size of a mpa

Back 11

that it is large enough to conserve large populations as an insurance for catastrophes

Front 12

species-area curve

Back 12

the greater the area, the more species you conserve. However it is logrithmic, so at 50% you can conserve 90% of species. 10% can conserve 50% of species

Front 13

Explain the case study of the Hawaiian islands and species area curves

Back 13

the NW Hawaiian islands which has the largest protected area, has the largest biomass, where open fisheries have the least biomass

Front 14

Minimum Dynamic Area

Back 14

Reserves should be larger than MDA or the smallest area that would hold an array of habitat patches representative of different stages of distribution and ecological succession

Front 15

What is the most important factor to consider in shape

Back 15

area to perimeter ratio

Front 16

What is an ideal shape for a reserve

Back 16

a circle because the inside is protected much more and minimizes area exposed to threats

Front 17

What kind of edge is easiest to enforce

Back 17

straight edges

Front 18

Which is better, several small or one large MPA?

Back 18

It is debatable but the general idea is a network of several small

Front 19

What is the benefits of one large MPA

Back 19

protecting lots of habitat
large area
bigger populations
large species coverage
less cost

Front 20

problems with large MPAS

Back 20

socioeconomic conflicts

Front 21

resident self-replenishing population

Back 21

sensitive to habitat changes from outside stressors

does not have as much interaction with other populations, so it relies upon its resident population for replenishment

Front 22

what is important in considering resident self-replenishing populations

Back 22

protecting the right area

ex: pacific and altantic overfish shell spps

Front 23

Migratory self-replenishing populations

Back 23

have significant transfer with outside and inside MPAs

requires more of the population to be protected in order to see recovery

Front 24

ex of protecting a migratory self-replenishing population

Back 24

atlantic cod:

less than 40% --> no prevent collapse
50 - 60% ---> slow collapse
80% --> helped protect

Front 25

Ontogenetically disjunct populations

Back 25

Age classes live in different locations

protect dispersal cooridors and habitat for feeding and spawning grounds

Front 26

Ex of trying to protect ontogentic disjunt population

Back 26

Nassau grouper in Mexico

the spawning ground was protected, but fishing intensity was allowed to increase on the coordidor and with more specialized gear. As a result the grouper would not make it to the spawning ground and moved it before the cooridor

Front 27

Metapopulation

Back 27

population of populations
interact with each other
larval dispersal and migration

Front 28

rescue effect

Back 28

one population gives surplus to another with too little

Front 29

Source

Back 29

increased quality in habitat increase population and surpluses

Front 30

Sink

Back 30

receives recruits

lower quality habitat

Front 31

Important of source and since habitats

Back 31

if the source is harmed, so will be the sinks

Front 32

Explain the ex of puerto penacasa, gulf of california

Back 32

Fishermen helped set up a network of protected area for scallops and black murex in 2002. They used science advice.

One set up where they were abundant, one where moderately abundant, one heavily fished

2004 increase benefits and populations

2007 rights given to local fishermen

Front 33

restoration

Back 33

the act of returning something to its original state or fixing something that is damaged

Front 34

problems with def of restoration

Back 34

what we determine is an "original form"

Front 35

what is a consequence and problem with restoration

Back 35

that it is used to justify approving destructive actions

Front 36

goal of restoration

Back 36

to replace what's been lost

Front 37

4 approaches to restoration

Back 37

indiv sp
group of interacting orgs
ecosystem
interconnected biotopes

Front 38

top 5 reasons for marine conservation

Back 38

1. pollution
2. overfishing
3. habitat loss
4. invasive species
5. global climate change

Front 39

What is the aim of maximum sustainable yield

Back 39

the acheive the maximum amount of resource extraction without depleting the resources from one harvest to the next

Front 40

what is the aim of ecosystem based management

Back 40

harvest to minimize the impact on ecosystems and ecological processes

Front 41

what is terrestrial conservation driven by?

Back 41

reactive management

Front 42

Why do ecosystem based management

Back 42

better value: cost is approximatley same for single spps vs an entire system

single species closure does not work because the cause of decline is rooted in the effort to catch other spp

Ecosystem takes into account species that are ecological important but may not be as important to fisheries

Lack of knowledge in single sp biology makes it hard to conserve because we do not know the ecological processes that will lead to their recovery

Front 43

Definition of MPAs

Back 43

any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical, and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part of all of the enclosed environment

Front 44

Who typically has the authority for enforcement in MPAs

Back 44

managing government agency

Front 45

Difference between mpas and reserves

Back 45

MPAs will allow activities but not in reserves

Front 46

How many MPAs and what area of the world do they cover

Back 46

4500 MPAs
0.5 to 0.6 % of ocean
size of Lake Victoria

Front 47

Why MPAs?

Back 47

1. example of important habitats and ecosystems
2. need in order to sustain fisheries
3. increase species diversity
4. location of increased biological activity
5. natural wonder = tourism
6. critical habitat for particular species
7. cultural value
8. protects the coasts from storms
9. facilitates research to create baseline conditions

Front 48

McClanahan 1999 on effectiveness of MPAs

Back 48

most MPAs are small and 9% are adequately managed

Front 49

McArdle 1997 on mpa effectiveness

Back 49

protection is variable
less than 0.2 percent is closed to all forms of fishing
little enforcement

Front 50

Marine reserves

Back 50

an area of the sea in which all consumptive and extractive uses are prohibited and other human interference is minimized as much as possible

Front 51

coverage of mpas

Back 51

0.01% which is 1/2 the area of lake victoria

Front 52

Marine reserves and science

Back 52

they are being set up but not studied

Front 53

what is the goal of marine reserves

Back 53

increase abundance and diversity of marine life inside the reserve

Front 54

Spillover effect

Back 54

when competition is high within the reserve, then there will be a spill over of adults into adjacent waters which are allowed for fishing

there is also a larval spillover effect with larval being transported out of the reserve

Front 55

marine reserves and bofffs

Back 55

by being protected it increases bofffs

Front 56

Ecological benefits of MRs

Back 56

1. increase in size of indv
2. increase in numbers
3. larval export benefits other areas
4. spillover of adults
5. decrease catch per unit effort
6. habitat changes for better ecosystem
7. community effects (increase biod)
8. synergistic effects (increased resilience)

Front 57

examples of how MPAs increase size of indiv

Back 57

Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park in the Bahamas
increased biomass of nassau grouper and conch

Jardines de la Reina in Cuba and Glover's Reef in Belize

increase biomass inside and outside for lobsters and fish

Soufriere marine management area in St. Lucia
increased catch per unit effort

Front 58

What area is evidence for the spillover effect

Back 58

Apo Island Phillipines

Front 59

Evidence for mpas changing habitat

Back 59

decrease in algae in Tasmania

Anacapa Island Reserve, CA
reserve regulated urchins and increased kelp

Front 60

evidence for synergistic effects

Back 60

increased post-bleaching recovering in the Caribbean because of parrotfish

Front 61

Which species resonds the most to mpas

Back 61

large target spp but it is slow to see

Front 62

do all species benefit from mpas?

Back 62

no because are preyed upon more

Front 63

Social and economic benefits of mpas

Back 63

reserve money is a subsidy for fisheries

tourism

cultural value preserved

increased fish for fisheries

research

Front 64

Time for effect depends upon

Back 64

available breeding adults
growth rates
age
number and timing of spawning
proximity of source population to reserve
interactions
human impacts
level of enforcement

Front 65

Factors that increase marine reserve success

Back 65

-size
-space
-larval availability
-clear goals
-support from institutions and legislation to create enforcement
-support community decision-making
-involve people with diverse interests
-include science advice
-conflict resolution measures
-sustainable finance
-fishermen need alternate source of income
-equitable share in economic profits
-fair enforcement

Front 66

Explain the cascading effects seen in Anacapa Marine reserve

Back 66

Lobsters increased as a consequence of the reserve and were able to eat urchins, keeping kelp plentiful

Front 67

what are the 3 main benefits of marine reserves

Back 67

increase size, abundance, and biomass

Front 68

explain ban and vincent's concept of fishing areas

Back 68

designate areas where fishing is allowed

Front 69

5 challenges to designating a fishing permitted area

Back 69

understanding the connectedness of fish and unfished areas

current fisheries could gain little benefit

Accounting for outside effects

designating fishing areas could make people not want to conserve anymore habitat

if fishing areas will be more successful than current reserves

Front 70

4 benefits of a global mpa as described by Balmford

Back 70

keep global fisheries catch sustainable
sustain ecosystem services
global mpas created for less than the current subsidies
create 1 million jobs

Front 71

Ecological restoration

Back 71

act of returning to its original state
fixed something that is damaged
return to supposed original form

Front 72

remember shifting baseline syndrome

Back 72

k

Front 73

Problems concerning ecosystem restoration

Back 73

assume things can be repaired
implies we fully understand all ecological processes
policy makers use it as a means to justify destructive actions

Front 74

Look @ coral reefs table in reading

Back 74

done

Front 75

transplanting and reattachement

Back 75

following a disturbance dislodged organisms are replaced

Front 76

where is transplantation and reattachment successful

Back 76

in areas of limited larval supply
high recruit mortality
and where large coral frags are available

success limited

Front 77

coral cultivation and larval seeding

Back 77

experimental bioassays used to monitor and grow coral in aquarium

usually uses brooders that realease fully developed planuae

Front 78

artificial reef benefits

Back 78

coastal protection
fishing enhancement
diving attraction
wave break

Front 79

questions for artificial reef creation

Back 79

what materials are suitable for recovery

will structure leach metals and toxins

will structure cause further damage

will aggregating species be exploited?

Front 80

EXs of artificial reefs

Back 80

reef balls
electromagnetics
wrecks and piers

Front 81

What types of organisms recover fastest in reserves?

Back 81

short-lived fast regenerating species

longer life histories take a longer period of time

Front 82

Relate size of reserves and population recovery

Back 82

Larger reserves will have a higher probability of protecting more self-sustaining populations

Front 83

What is a problem with population persistence in marine reserves

Back 83

it is unknown for many spp how many offspring are retained locally

Front 84

What is he problem with CPUEs

Back 84

They are insensitive to exploitation

Front 85

Unique about seamount species

Back 85

high endemism

Front 86

What is a problem for epipelagic reserves

Back 86

who protects the marine reserve if it is international waters