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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the main objective of devoting energy to finding food
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growth
reproduction |
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types of eating preferences in fish
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omnivores
carnivores piscivores herbivores detritavores |
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optimal foraging theory
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the idea that fish will adapt their eating preferences to what is most abundant to eat
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types of feeding behaviors
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specialists--specific things they eat
generalists--eat a variety of things opportunists--eat food not normally on their menus |
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home range
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the entire area that an organism will live in, not just defend
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territory of fish relates to
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size of fish
competition for resources |
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quiet period
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period of about 20 minutes where fish will go to sleep and the nocturnal fish will come out
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shadow feeding
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when fish will follow behind other fish that are feeding to catch food that they stirr up
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roving predators
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will stalk or chase prey
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lie and wait predators
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will sit stationary until prey approaches area
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Types of group spawning
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resident
transient (travel to) |
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Benefits of monogamy
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do not have to find a mate
guarding limited resources biparental care |
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Aspects of polygamy
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herems and dichromatic
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dichromatic
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male and females are of different colors
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pair spawning and benefits
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always have a mate nearby
increases parental care and reproductive success |
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benefits of spawning in groups
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genetic varience
increased chance of finding a mate refuge in size and numbers |
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downside of spawning in groups
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fishing and decimating populations
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Variations in timing of spawning
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annual
with lunar cycle daily (based on time of day) |
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Ex of fish that breed daily
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mid day-bluehead wrasse
late afternoon-parrotfish dusk-hamlets |
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Examples of benthic egg laying
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Sergent majors that lay eggs on patches and guard them
Chromis Damselfish |
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Considerations of site and timing of spawning
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Selected for maximal eggs and larvae
-dusk -downcurrent of edge of reef -prominent topographical features -tides/currents to transport eggs offshore -traditional sites |
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Color changes and reproduction
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some will undergo color changes to signal that they are reading for mating
trunkfish seargent majors honeycomb cowfish whitespotted filefish |
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Examples of courtship
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males chasing away other males
fin displays body twitches color changes position in the water column |
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Factors that contribute towards reproductive success
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how vigorous courtship display is
control of spawning location brighness of coloration |
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Spawning rise
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when two fish rise in the water column to release gametes
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Streakers
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initial phase males that race and release gametes during a spawn rise
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Sneakers
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initial phase males will secretely court females of a terminal phase males
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Purpose of cleaning stations
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where larger fish are cleaned by smaller fish
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Signs of cleaning
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clients: change of colors, turn vertical, fan fins, hovering, open mouth
cleaners: come out, coloration (yellow/white), noise/vibrations, stroke clients, flit back/forth |
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Is cleaning parasitic or commensalate?
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cleaners could be trying to obtain flesh
seen when clients chase away cleaner commensalate because both benefit, wound healing |
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Shadow feeding
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predator following a less threatening species jumps out and gets smaller fish
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Nuclear hunting
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eel flushes prey out and grasby and other fish benefit
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shadow stalking
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fish will hang out over another fish
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Tarpons and night diversq
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will use light to get fish who are stunned
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Color change as a hunting strategy
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used to hide from prey
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Predator/prey avoidance strategies
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hiding in holes
diving in sand schooling staying shallow moving faster camoflague |
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Unique conditions for mangroves
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high salt
low oxygen high light frequent tidal inundation |
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How do mangrove seeds spread
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water borne
propagule falls in water and is despersed |
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How do mangroves cope with high salinity
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stomata that open and close to bring in co2 and let out h2o; close in drought
thick cuticle Mg-Na pump (red mangroves) Vaculoles that encapsulate salt Glands that secrete salt |
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How do mangroves deal with tidal flux
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pheumatophores to take in oxygen during low tides
anaerobic respiration (short term) prop and ariel roots for gas exchange lenitcels for co2 and gas exchange |
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What type of mangrove has pnuematophores
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black mangrove
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Unique conditions for mangroves
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high salt
low oxygen high light frequent tidal inundation |
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How do mangrove seeds spread
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water borne
propagule falls in water and is despersed |
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How do mangroves cope with high salinity
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stomata that open and close to bring in co2 and let out h2o; close in drought
thick cuticle Mg-Na pump (red mangroves) Vaculoles that encapsulate salt Glands that secrete salt |
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How do mangroves deal with tidal flux
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pheumatophores to take in oxygen during low tides
anaerobic respiration (short term) prop and ariel roots for gas exchange lenitcels for co2 and gas exchange |
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What type of mangrove has pnuematophores
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black mangrove
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heliotrophism
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reorienting leaves to point straight at the sun so that mangroves don't get as much light
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tannins
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UV absorbing compounds in mangroves
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Rizophora mangle
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red mangrove
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Characteristics of red mangroves
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grow on the fringe of bays
prop roots for gas exchange banana shaped seedling thick cuticle |
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Avicennia germinans
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black mangrove
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Characteristics of black mangroves
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pneumatophores
skinnier/pointy leaves teardrop shaped seeds |
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Laguncularia racemosa
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whie mangrove
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characteristics of the white mangrove
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oval leaves
nectaries at base of leaves eaten a lot on bonaire salt excreting pores on leaves |
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Salt tolerant succession of mangroves
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red --> black --> white
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Spartina salt marsh
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foundin temperate regions
more tolerant to freezing conditions filled with grass |
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limit in spartina salt marshes
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light @ high latitudes
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limit for mangroves
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nutrients @ low latitudes
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Sedimentation and mangroves
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slow down, bind, and settle sediment.
use nutrients |
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How much of mangrove PP is directly consumed
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less than 5%
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how is most of mangrove productivity consumed
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as detritus by the microbial loop
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Characteristics of sea grass
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flowering plants
need photic zone shelter coastal zone anchored in sand/mud 60 spps entire life cycle underwater |
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Productivity of seagrass
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800 g
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Importance of seagrass
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-epibionts
-refuge nutrient export herbivores food source |
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how is seagrass many consumed
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as detritus
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Halodule wrightii
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shoal grass
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Syrigodium filiforme
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manatee grass
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Do an exercise of the connectivity of coral reefs, mangroves, land, sea grass, and the open ocean
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done
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Shared importances of mangroves, sea grass, and coral reefs
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high biodiversity
size of landmass and terrestrial runoff influence same physical and ecological roles despite different spp |
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Interactions between mangr, sg, and cr
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flow of nutrients
exchange of juveniles buffering pollutants and nutrients, and waves |
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Ways mangrove importance has been tested for
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looking at otiliths of fish to see chemical composition during life phase
increased biomass with size of mangroves |
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id
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Caulerpa sertularioides
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udotea fabellum
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Syringodium filiforme
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Caulerpa racemosa
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Thallasia testudinum
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Halimeda incrassata
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Acetabularia crenalata
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Caulerpa verticillata
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Caulerpa cypressoides
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apex predator
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carinivore of larger animals
top predator large mobile and not preyed on as adults ex: orca, cros, sharks, humans |
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Importance of apex predators
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population regulation
affect evolution (prey on weak and sick) |
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mega grazers
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large bodied animals that graze
whales and manatees |
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keystone species
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have an impact on an ecosystem that is disporportionate to their abundance
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What are indirect consequences of the presence of apex predators
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prey will shift eating habits from the best foraging grounds in order to void predators
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Predatory release
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refers to when there is a decrease in predators that there is a increase in prey abundance
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Ex of a trophic cascade
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increase in black tip shark
decrease in cattlenose ray increase in scallops |
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what is a problem with understanding top down effects
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predators have been overfished for a long time
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Explain yellowstone as an example of reintroducing apex predators
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reintroducing wolves
decrease elk and change in grazing behavior increase in trees increase in predators that feed on wolf kills |
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decrease in apex predators leads to
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change in diversity (extinction, change community structure)
abundance, density, and biomass changes smaller body size with lower fecundity |
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Mumby et al 2006
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showed that apex predator presence increases the biomass of lower trophic levels, especially herbivores
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What was the main point of Brian's talk?
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He uses AUVs with lazers to determine the bathymetry of the sea floor
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4Ds of AUVs
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Dirty
Daring Dull Dangerous |
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what was the status of sea turtles on Bonaire in 1991
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They were not protected
poached and eaten (eggs too) |
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3 main areas of STCB
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research - 4 mo out of the year
conservation - enforcing laws education - schools and public |
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carapis
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shell of sea turtle that contains vertebrae fused into
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skin of sea turtle
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waterproof and not let in salt because it would lead to dehydration
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what do turtles breathe
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air
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how many sea turtles are there
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7 spp worldwide
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how many sea turtles come to bonaire and which kind?
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5
3 regular: hawksbill, loggerhead, green 2: leatherback, olive ridley |
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compare green and hawksbill turtles
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green is round head, eats seagrass, flat scales and round edge carapis
hawksbill sharp head, scrape sponges, skkoots overlap on carapis with serrated edges |
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how many days does it take for an egg to hatch
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60 days
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what type of feeders are juv turtles
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opportunitistic. usually eat jellies (can be confused with trash)
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how many years until a turtle is sexually mature?
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20 years
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how do you track where sea turtles are?
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satellite trasmitters on shells
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describe turtle diving behavior
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surface 20-60 min
night they stay down longer adults go as deep as 200 m (juv 50m) |
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how do you tell male and female sea turtles apart?
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males- long tail, and long nail that hooks onto female during sex
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how many eggs does a turtle lay on average
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100-150 eggs
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how is sex determined in sea turtles
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temperature
cool -> male warm -> female |
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Porifera
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sponges
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unique features of sponges
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spongin
spicules ostia/oscula chaonocytes collagen |
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spongin
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a protein that helps form the skeleton of sponges
,made of collagen for elasticity |
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spicules
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provide protection and structure to sponges
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chaonocytes
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aka collar cells
flagella resp for digestion whip to filter h2o |
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oscula and ostia
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oscula- opening at top where water flows out of
ostia tiny pores where water enters |
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Class Demonspongiae
Genus: Aplysina Stove-Pipe sponge |
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phylum cnidaria
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jellies, fire coral, things with nematocysts, anemones and schleractinian corals
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class anthozoa
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true corals, anemones, and sea pens
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class scyphozoa
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true jellies
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class hydrozoa
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box jellies
hydrocorals |
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class cubozoa
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sea wasps
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characteristics of cnidaria
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nematocysts
radial symmetry single opening gastrocavity alternating generations |
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alt gen phases of cnidaria
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medusa-free swimming stage
polyp-sessle phase |
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characteristics of scphozoa
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large medusa
sometimes no polyp phase has oral arms that help with feeding |
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Phylum Cnidaria
Class Scyphozoa Genus: Cassiopea Upsidedown jellyfish |
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Class Hydrozoa
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velum-membrane on the subumbrella surface of the jelly
polyp is asexual medusa is sexual polyps for together to have different functions that benefit each other |
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Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa Genus: Halocordyle Christmas Tree Hydroid |
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Class cubozoa
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tentacles suspended from pedalium
developed eye cube like bell |
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Phylum cnidaria
Class cubozoa Genus carydbea Sea wasp |
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Class Anthozoa characteristics
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tubular body
hollow tentacles oral disc pharhynx suppressed medusa phase solitary or colonial int or ext skeleton Only lives in salt water |
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Subclass Octocorallia
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8 tentacles
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Subclass Hexacorallias
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6 tentacles
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Phylum Ctenophore characteristics
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no stinging cells
ctenes used for locomotion bioluminesce |
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Phylum Annelida characteristics
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segmented worms
nervous, digestive, and circulatory systems leg appendages trocophore larvae |
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Class Polychaeata
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parapodia for gas exchange and movement
chitinous setae |
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Phylum: Annelida
Class: Polychaeata Genus: Spirobranchus Christmas Tree Worm |
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Phylum: Annelida
Class: Ploychaeta Genus: Hermodice |
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Phylum Arthropoda
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jointed legs
exoskeleton that molts--made of chiton segmented body 84% of all described species |
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Subphylum crustecea
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head, thorax, and abodomen
head an thorax may fuse larval naupilus |
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Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: crustacea Genus: Stenopus Banded Coral Shrimp |
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Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum crustacea Genus Panulirus Species argus Caribbean Spiny Lobster |
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Phylum Ectoprocta characteristics
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bryozoans
zooids mouth and anus U shaped lobophore |
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Phylum Mollusca characteristics
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muscular foot
eyes shells radula (scraping to eat) mantle which produces shell veliger larvae |
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class gastropoda
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snails
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class polyplacophora
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chitons
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class bivalvia
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bivalves
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class cephlopoda
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octopus and squid
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phylum: mollusca
class: gastropoda genus: strombus species: gigas queen conch |
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phylum mollusca
class gastropoda genus cyphoma |
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Phylum: mollusca
class: polyclacophora genus: acanthopleura fuzzy chiton |
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phylum mollusca
class gastropoda genus elysia lettuce sea slug |
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phylum: mollusca
class: bivalvia genus: lima rough fileclam |
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Phylum mollusca
class bivalvia genus: pinna amber penshell |
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Phylum: mollusca
class: cephalopoda genus: sepiotheuthis caribbean reef squid |
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Phylum Echinodermata characteristics
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water vascular system
podia used for fighting, movine, sitting 5 fold radial symmetry tube feet spine skeleton can regenerate |
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pedicellariae
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used in echinoderms for cleaning and defense
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class crinoidea
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feather stars
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class asteroidea
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sea stars
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class echinoidea
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sea urchins and sand dollars
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class holothuroidea
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sea cucumbers
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class ophiuroidea
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brittle stars
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phylum echinodermata
class crinoidea crinoid/feather stars |
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phylum: echinodermata
class: asteroidea genus: oreaster cushion sea star |
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phylum: echinodermata
class: asteroidea genus: oreaster cushion sea star |
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phylum: echinodermata
class: echinoidea diadema antillarum |
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phylum: echinodermata
class: ophiuroidea brittle stars |
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phylum: echinodermata
class: echinoidae genus: echinometra rock boring urchin |
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Phylum: echinodermata
class: holothuroidea genus: holothuria donky dung sea cuc |
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata Class Ascidieacea
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Tunicates
trididemnun-overgrowing mat has soral notochord and nerve chord gill slits water enters and exits through siphons |
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what ecological processes control algae
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light
nutrients top down grazing recruitment |
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Explain the physiolical difference between Eucidaris thouarsii in the E. pac and galapagos
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E pac are small, nocturnal, sedentary, and feed on CCA
Galapagos are large, diurnal, mobile, and feed on coral as well the difference is becaseu E pac there is higher predation by triggerfish and pufferfish |
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Acanthaster planci effects
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COTS
corallivorous sea star witha large stomach that moves quickly 1st effects-low coral 2nd: increase algal cover 3rd: increase herbivorous fish |
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why explosion of COTS
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adult aggregation (a disturbance forces them shallow)
natural cycles terrestrial run off increases recruitment pollution reduces predators |
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Effects of Echinometra mathaei on reefs in Kenya
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in fish protected areas balistae kept them in control, which kept more cca, topographical complexity, etc
in unprotected areas there was more algal and sponge cover and lots of urchins |
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Discuss the role of diadema as a keystone grazer
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eats algae
1983-1984 die off lead to an increase in algae cover decrease in coral, zooxanthids, and CCA increased grazing by fish |
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What are methods for underwater surveys
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snorkel
sea scooter manta tow |
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what are underwater surveys used for
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archaeological findings
geological surveying biological/ecological (CR bleach) search and recover observing towed equipment |
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hazards of sea scooters
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caught in propelor
crashing into soething low buddy safety trouble popping ears deco |
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manta tow hazards
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line getting caught in propellor
feel like bait ears equalizing wrapped in line |
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Reproductive structures in mammals evolved how for the marine environment
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they moved to be within the body in order to be more streamlined
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echolocation: use and development for marine environment
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capture prey and comunicate
deblitate prey with pressure done from within the head |
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what type of bone is used more in the marine environment
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spongy bone because they have less impact
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how did marine mammals evolve so they could dive
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streamline-less energy when swim @ depth
blubber to stay warm greater red blood count 90% of O2 used alveoli compress at depth |
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sensory systems of marine mammals
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large auditory system
can taste little smell |
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3 types of lactation strategies in marine mammals
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fasting- not eat; rapid weaning; high fat content
forage-leave baby to get food; longer lactation period; moderate fat aquatic nursing; mom stay together during feeding; low fat; long lact period |
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marine mammals eyes
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see in air and water
more sensitive to blue and shorter wavelengths of light |
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thermoregulation marine mammals
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high SA:V to increase insulation
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locomotion marine mammals
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propulsive movement is easier
wave riding to save energy drafting |
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osmoregulation in marine mammals
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get from food and efficient kidneys
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odontocenti social structure
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matriline
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dolphin social structure
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schools within groups based on age, sex, and size
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sperm whale social structure
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matilinear
males leave and join later |
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mutualism
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both organisms benefit
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commensalism
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one benefits and the other is unaffected
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parasitism
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one is harmed and other benefits
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ex of mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
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mutual: coral/zoox
commensalite: secretary blennies and coral parasitism: isopods on creolefish |
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Endosymbiotic theory
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bacteria will become part of a cell and turn into mitochondria
chloroplast evolved from engulfing photosynthetic bacteria engulfing bacteria --> evolved |
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Evidence that cleaning stations are parasitic
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cleaners feed on mucus
client leaves if bit cleaners are punished cleaners will learn to eat flakes instead of a prawn if "punished" |
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phoresy
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org used for transport
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inquilinism
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used for housing
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metabiosis
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using something that was created by the first after it dies
ex: hermit crabs |
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5 characteristics for mimcry
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1. share same habitat and range
2. same size 3. mimic less abundant that model 4. alters behavior to appear more like model 5. must benefit from resemblance |
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batesian mimicry
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mimic resembles successful species but is not harmful
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mullerian mimicry
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mimic resembles and both cause harm
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aggressive mimicry
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mimic imitates the appearance and behavior of harmless species to approach prey
ex: yt snapper and goatfish |
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co evolution
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change in genetic composition of one species in response to a change in another
found in highly specified relationships |
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ex of co evolution
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grazers evolved along with algae
grazer; bite strength, gut length, microbes algae: chemical defense |
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competition
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rivalry between individual groups for limited resources
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interference
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interaction between individauls via aggression
physilca or chemical |
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exploitation
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indivudal affects all other competitors
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r-selection
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high fecundity
early maturity short generation time quick growth not good competitors |
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k-selection
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low fecundity
later maturity long life slow growth expert competitors large body size |
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are coral brooders k or r?
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r
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amensalism
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one sp hurts another w/o benefit
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if you put a drop of hcl on sponge and it fizzes what type of sponge do you have
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calcareous sponge
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