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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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at 60 ft how much max time do you have?
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55 minutes
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at 80 ft what is the max time you can dive
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30 minutes
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at 100 ft what is the max time you can dive
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20 minutes
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at 0 ft what is the atm pressure
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1 atm
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at 33 ft what is the atm pressure
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2 atm
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at 66 ft what is the atm pressure
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3 atm
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at 99 ft what is the atm pressure?
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4 atm
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When you are scuba diving, what happens to the volume of your lungs?
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The remain the same, because even though pressure is increasing, you take in more molecules of air in order to remain at a constant volume
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when you are skin diving what happens to the volume of your lung
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they get smaller due to the pressure of the water
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BWRAF
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BCD
Weights Releases Air Final OK |
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How did diving first begin?
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Hollow reeds
Cupping air to mouth Divng bells Diving helmets |
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Types of diving
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skin
surface supply vessel scuba (open and rebreather) |
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What were the bends first described as?
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Caisson's disease by the french
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who was the first to do experiments on the bends?
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John Scott Haldane through self experiments
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What are ways to measure distance while scientific diving?
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kick cycles
time elapsed measuring line tank pressure to estimate distance arm spans |
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what is dead air space refer to
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whatever you breathe out into your reg, some of it will stay and you breathe back in
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what is the mammalian diving reflex
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when mammals go into cold water, their HR decreases greatly and then will come up again
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carotinoid sinus reflex
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then the corotory artery is pressed on, the heart will slow down
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hypercapnia
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too much carbon dioxide can occur with shallow breathing
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hypocapnia
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too little co2
occurs in ski divers that hyperventilate before going under at depth they no longer have the reflux to need to breathe because they are getting sufficient o2 and the co2 concentration is low. however, as they rise, the o2 is not enough as lungs expand, which can lead to underwater black out |
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when can oxygen toxicity occur
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when you dive deep esp with nitrox
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high pressure nervous syndrome
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occurs with high he/N at depth
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gas nitrogen narcosis
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feeling of euphoria and drunkenness, limited control
treat it by going up and then coming back down if you feel better |
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CNS oxygen toxicity
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occurs in depths over 100 ft when you inhale too much oxygen
flashing light in eyes, tunnel vis, loud rigingi, confusion, lethergy, etc |
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barotrauma
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pressure injury
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what part of the ear is most susceptible to pressure injuries
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middle ear
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arterital gas embolism
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when gas enters in blood and blocks it to the brain
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pneumothorax
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air between chest and lung
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mediastinal emphasyma
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air against heart and chest
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subcutaneous emphasyma
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air up in shoulders and neck
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what parts of the body have fast tissue half times
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blood, organs, central nervous
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what parts of the body have slow tissue have times
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muscle, fat, skin, bones
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the difference between atm pressure and gauge pressure
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atm pressure takes into account the 1 atm of pressure from the surface
gauge pressure puts the surface as the zero point, so always subtract 1 atm |
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absolute pressure
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atm plus gaugue pressure
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ambient pressure
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the pressure surrounding an object by a given medium
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energy
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the capacity to do work
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3 types of energy transfer
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conduction: molecule to molecule
convection: changes in density radiation: electomagnetic waves |
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how do objects look underwater
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the appear closer
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visual reversal
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when things that are close appear far away from turbidity
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contrast vision
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increased sensitivity
less attention to detail switch from day to night vision |
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how much faster does sound travel in water than in air
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4x
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why is it hard to hear underwater
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it travels faster so there is less difference in when sound reaches your ears. this makes it appear like the sounds comes from overhead
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archimedes principle
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the upward force on an object in the water is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces
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pressure =
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force/area
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How does the behavior of molecules affect pressure, speed, mass, and vol
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pressure: colliding impact
speed: energy of molecules (T) mass: weight of gases volume: how often molecules collide |
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salt water weights
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64 lbs / ft cubed
1.03 kg/ L |
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fresh water weighs
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1 kg/L
62.4 lbs / ft cubed |
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1 atm = ? psi
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14.7
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boyles law p and v
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p1v1 = p2v2
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what happens to a skin divers lungs
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when they go down, their lungs get smaller in volume. The # of molecules is the same
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what happens to a scuba divers lungs
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it remains at the same volume because more molecules are taken in
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charles law p,v,and t
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p1v1/t1 = p2v2/t2
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for every 1 degree change in F what change is there in pressure
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5 psi
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total pressure is equal to
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the sum of the partial pressures of all gases
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partial pressure
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total pressure x volume of gas
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Henry's Law
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the amount of gas that will dissolve into a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas
P and T affect the solubility of a gas |
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upper/lower chambers of the heart
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upper: atria receives blood
lower: ventricles pump away blood |
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which side of the heart is larger
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the left because it pumps blood out to the body
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skin divers and shallow water blackout
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skin divers that hypervenilate decrease co2 in their lungs and go down to depth. b/c density increases, they are ok at depth, but when they come up the partial pressure decreases and there is not enough oxygen to meet bodily demands
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CO poisioning
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CO binds to hemoglobin, decreasing the body's ability to carry oxygen
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dead air space
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air that is inhaled but is not used in gas exchange.
this occurs with snorkelers or scuba divers when they inhale part of the air that they've exhaled |
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solution to airway turbulence
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breathe slow and deep
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pulmonary oxygen toxicity
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when you are exposed to too low of o2 concentrations
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what are common types of ear trauma
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swimmers ear
barotitis media-middle ear trauma/ sharp pain that will diminish otitis media-middle ear infection inner ear barotrauma-implosive or explosive trauma that can lead to hearing loss |
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how many hours does it take for dcs to onset
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anywhere from 1 to 48 hours
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ways to avoid dci
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stay within dive tables
dive within limits no sawtooth profiles slow ascent rest dives do not dive dehydrated increase fitness keep warm avoid exposure to high altitudes |
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how many hours to wait until you fly after a dive
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12 hours after no deco
18 hours for multiple day more than 18 for deco dives |
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most common dive injuries
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arterial gas embolism
DCS |
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Why give 100% oxygen
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it creates a pressure gradient to get rid of N
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3 grades of oxygen
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aviator, medical, industrial
do not use industrial |
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Precautions with oxygen
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not near oil, grease, fire, smoking, below 125 F, adequate ventiliation, keep clean
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demand inhalator value
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works similar to a scuba mask
will last longer than a constant flow system use on a breathing injured diver |
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non rebreather mask
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has a bag at the end of it
flow rates can be changed prep the bag before putting it on the injured diver uses constant flow option, will not last as long good to use on breathing divers that cannot tolerate demand inhalator, or if you have multiple injured divers |
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oral resuscitation mask
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an oxygen line is connected to a pocket mask. this is for a nonbreathing injured diver
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DAN SAFE
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Stop
Assess the Scence Find and Secure O2, First Aid, AED Exposure Protection |
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common symptoms to DCI
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numbness
nausea pain headache unusual fatigue dizziness altered skin sensation difficulty walking rash and itching |
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When you call EMS what should you say
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Name
Address of Station # of CIEE: 717-4140 number of indiv injured: condition of injured: first aid given dive site name |
