Cid-Eidws 113-115

Front 1

Define each band of the Electromagnetic Spectrum and describe what signals are commonly used in each

Back 1

ELF- Extremely Low Frequency; <= 3KHz, Submarine (PLSO) Broadcast
VLF- Very Low Frequency; 3-30KHz, Timing/Navigation/Synchronization
LF- Low Frequency; 30-300KHz, Fleet Multi-channel Broadcast
MF- Medium Frequency; 300KHz-3MHZ, Intl. Distress Freqs., S&R, AM Radio
HF- High Frequency; 3-30MHz, Long range terrestrial radio
VHF- Very High Frequency; 30-300MHz, LOS, FM Radio, HAM
UHF- Ultra High Frequency; 300MHz-3GHz, Microwave, Tactical voice, Wireless
SHF- Super High Frequency; 3GHz-30GHz, RADAR, SATCOM, Wireless
EHF- Extremely High Frequency; 30GHz-300GHz, Astronomy, Experimental

Front 2

Frequency

Back 2

The number of cycles that occur in one second; (Hz).

Front 3

Wavelength

Back 3

The distance from any point on a cycle to the corresponding point on the next cycle.

Front 4

Ducting

Back 4

Trapping of an RF wave between two layers of the earth's atmosphere or between an atmospheric layer and the earth.

Front 5

Refraction

Back 5

The bending of RF waves as they pass through mediums of different density.

Front 6

Multiplexing

Back 6

A method for simultaneous transmission of two or more signals over a common carrier wave

Front 7

Modulation/Demodulation

Back 7

The ability to impress intelligence upon a medium, such as radio waves.

Demodulation is the process of reversing modulation.

Front 8

Bandwidth

Back 8

The section of the frequency spectrum that specific signals occupy

Front 9

Keying

Back 9

Changing the characteristic of a signal by opening and closing a key.

Front 10

Atmospheric Layers

Back 10

sections of the atmosphere of different temperature and density

Front 11

Atmospheric contraints on Frequency

Back 11

For successful communications between any two specified locations at any given time of the day there is a maximum frequency, a lowest frequency, and an optimum frequency that can be used.

Front 12

Atmosphere effects on Radio Waves

Back 12

Atmospheric conditions vary with changes in height, geographical location, and even with changes in time (day, night, season, year).

Front 13

Propagation

Back 13

The path that a refracted wave follows to the receiver depends on the angle at which the wave strikes the ionosphere.

Front 14

Azimuth Angle (Bearing)

Back 14

Angular measurement in the horizontal plane in a clockwise direction.

Front 15

Elevation

Back 15

The angle between the horizontal plane and the line of sight.

Front 16

USB

Back 16

All the sum frequencies above the carrier are spoken of collectively as the UPPER SIDEBAND. Used in HAM Radio.

Front 17

LSB

Back 17

All difference frequencies below the carrier, also considered as a group, are called the LOWER SIDEBAND. Used in HAM Radio.

Front 18

AM (Amplitude Modulation)

Back 18

Any method of varying the amplitude of a carrier wave in accordance with the intelligence being transmitted. Shortwave/ Talk radio.

Front 19

CW (Carrier Wave)

Back 19

A radio wave of a constant amplitude, phase and constant frequency. Morse Code.

Front 20

FM

Back 20

Angle modulation in which the frequency (angular rate) of the carrier wave is caused to vary in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude variations of the modulating wave. Music and complex communications.

Front 21

PRI

Back 21

Pulse Repetition Interval.

The time between a point on the pulse to the identical point on the next pulse.

Front 22

PRF

Back 22

Pulse Repetition Frequency.

The number of pulses-per-second (PPS).

Front 23

PW- Pulse Width.

Back 23

The time between the leading and trailing edges of a pulse.

Front 24

CW- Continuous Wave

Back 24

A RADAR of constant amplitude, phase, and frequency. Uses the Doppler Effect.

Front 25

Scan

Back 25

Systematic movement of a radar beam to cover a definite pattern or area in space.

Front 26

Air Search

Back 26

Detect and determine the position, course, and speed of air targets in a relatively large area.

Front 27

Surface Search

Back 27

Used to detect the presence of surface craft and low flying aircraft and to determine their presence.

Front 28

OPELINT

Back 28

Operationally relevant information such as the location, movement, employment, tactics, and activity of foreign noncommunications emitters and their associated weapon systems.

Front 29

TECHELINT

Back 29

Technical aspects of foreign noncommunications emitters such as signal characteristics, modes, functions, associations, capabilities, limitations, vulnerabilities, and technology levels.

Front 30

Half Duplex

Back 30

One-way flow of information between terminals

Front 31

Duplex

Back 31

Telecommunications between stations takes place simultaneously in both directions using two separate frequencies.

Front 32

Simplex

Back 32

uses a single channel or frequency to exchange information between two or more terminals.

Communications is in one direction only.

Front 33

How does Naval Oceanography support the Information Dominance mission?

Back 33

Predicts weather and ocean conditions thereby assisting in the foreseeable intelligence collection, capabilities of the adversary

Front 34

USNO

Back 34

U.S. Naval Observatory

Astronomical data/products and official time

Front 35

JTWC

Back 35

Joint Typhoon Warning Center

Tropical cyclone warnings for Indian/Pacific Ocean

Front 36

NOOC

Back 36

The Naval Oceanography Operations Command

Advisories/forecasts for ocean/atmospheric conditions

Front 37

FNMOC

Back 37

Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center

Relevant and timely worldwide meteorology and oceanography support

Front 38

NAVO

Back 38

The Naval Oceanographic Office

maximizes seapower by applying relevant oceanographic knowledge in support of U.S. National Security

Front 39

Relative humidity

Back 39

The ratio of how much water is in the air compared to the amount of water vapor at the current temperature and pressure that air can possibly hold; expressed as a percentage.

Front 40

Restricted visibility

Back 40

Visibility obstructed by atmospheric conditions, such as the presence of fog, dust or heavy rain.

Front 41

Air mass

Back 41

An area defined by similar atmospheric conditions (temperature, moisture), such as maritime tropical or continental polar.

Front 42

Tropical Depression

Back 42

tropical cyclone with sustained wind speeds of at least 37kmph but less than 39kmph; early stage in development of hurricanes

Front 43

Tropical Storm

Back 43

a tropical cyclone having sustained wind speeds of 63-118 kmph; a storm at pre-hurricane stage.

Front 44

Hurricane/typhoon

Back 44

an intense tropical cyclone having sustained winds of 119kmph or higher.

Front 45

Thunderstorm

Back 45

Mesoscale weather system produced by strong convection; consists of cumulonimbus clouds accompanied by thunder and lightning and often heavy rain or snow fall, as well as gusty surface winds.

Front 46

Tornado/Waterspout

Back 46

A small mass of air that whirls rapidly on an almost vertical axis; made visible by water droplets or dust and debris sucked into the system; tornadoes make contact with ground, waterspouts with bodies of water.

Front 47

Funnel Cloud

Back 47

A tornadic circulation that does not reach the surface

Front 48

Ocean Eddies

Back 48

Cold – independent circulation of cold water

Warm – independent circulation of warm water

Front 49

Bathythermograph

Back 49

Measurement and recording of subsurface water temperatures at various depths.

Front 50

Bioluminescence

Back 50

Luminescent effect caused by certain planktonic ocean life.

Front 51

Sea wave

Back 51

Waves generated by the wind

Front 52

Wave height

Back 52

vertical distance between a wave’s trough and crest.

Front 53

Wave period

Back 53

the time it takes for two successive wave crests to pass a given point

Front 54

Swell wave

Back 54

formation of a long wavelength surface wave

Front 55

SST

Back 55

Sea Surface Temperature

The measure of temperature at the surface of the ocean

Front 56

Tides

Ebb & Flood

Back 56

Ebb - seaward flow during a tidal period of lowering water level
Flood - incoming or rising tide

Front 57

Open ocean

Littoral

Rip

Back 57

Open ocean – movement of water mass in a given direction in the open ocean

Littoral – movement of water mass in the near or intertidal zone

Rip – return flow of water from the beach, reaching from surface to bottom.

Front 58

Surf Zone

Back 58

The area from the water up-rush outward to the point at which waves first show any indication of breaking.

Front 59

Thermocline

Back 59

Marks where water temperature decreases rapidly with depth

Front 60

Deep layer

Back 60

Bottom layer of water; fairly constant cold temperatures

Front 61

Mixed layer

Back 61

The mixed layer consists of nearly uniform, or isothermal relatively warmer temperatures with depth, in middle latitudes, and extends from the surface to a maximum depth of about 450 meters, or 1,500 feet

Front 62

effects of TEMPERATURE on the transmission of sound in seawater

Back 62

An increase in temperature increases the speed of sound in water, while a decrease in temperature decreases the speed of sound. Temperature is the most important factor in controlling sound speed in water

Front 63

effects of PRESSURE on the transmission of sound in seawater

Back 63

An increase in pressure causes an increase in sound speed and a decrease in pressure caused a decrease in sound speed

Front 64

effects of SALINITY on the transmission of sound in seawater

Back 64

An increase in salinity causes an increase in sound speed and a decrease in salinity caused a decrease in sound speed

Front 65

Describe the impacts of environmental conditions to Anti-submarine Warfare operations

Back 65

Determines the amount of noise picked up in sonar; determines ease of staying hidden from sonar; affects ability of submarines and antisubmarine aircraft to operate safely

Front 66

Describe the impacts of environmental conditions to Naval Special Warfare operations

Back 66

Conditions determine safety of small boats and ground personnel, either in operation or remaining undetected

Front 67

Describe the impacts of environmental conditions to Mine Warfare operations

Back 67

Conditions that may hinder ability of operators to find mine-like contacts when conducting naval operations.

Front 68

Describe the impacts of environmental conditions to Air Defense operations

Back 68

May hinder radar, weapon performance, and detection of incoming enemy targets.

Front 69

Describe the impacts of environmental conditions to Information Warfare operations

Back 69

Target area environmental conditions include terrain restrictions, time of day, adverse weather, and seasonal and temperature effects.

These conditions may camouflage or conceal targets, reduce visibility, and degrade weapon systems and force capabilities.

Front 70

Describe the impacts of environmental conditions to Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief operations

Back 70

Conditions may hamper the efforts of ships or air support to safely enter a disaster area, as well as threatening the safety of support bodies once they reach the area

Front 71

Describe the impacts of environmental conditions to Chemical, Biological, and Nuclear Warfare

Back 71

Dispersion of chemical, biological, radiological agents of toxic material by the wind/precipitation.

Front 72

Describe the impacts of environmental conditions to Strike Warfare

Back 72

May impact sensor/weapon selection, time of attack, and launch envelope for aircraft/shipboard weapons.

Front 73

Standard/Normal refraction (RADAR)

Back 73

Propagating wave is bent downward from a straight line

Front 74

Super-refraction (RADAR)

Back 74

Wave path curves near the curvature of the earth; extends radar coverage up to 50% above normal

Front 75

Sub-refraction (RADAR)

Back 75

Wave refracted upward away from the surface of the earth; radar range greatly reduced

Front 76

Trapping (RADAR)

Back 76

Wave becomes trapped between earth’s surface and the upper boundary layer; significantly increases radar range

Front 77

Small craft advisory

Back 77

harbor and inland waters warning for winds (33 knots or less) of concern to small craft.

Front 78

Gale warning

Back 78

warning for harbor, inland waters, and ocean areas for winds 34 to 47 knots.

Front 79

Storm warning

Back 79

warning for harbor, inland waters, and ocean areas for winds 48 knots or greater.

Front 80

Local wind advisory

Back 80

Sustained winds 25 to 39 mph and/or gusts to 57 mph.

Front 81

High seas advisory

Back 81

These warnings are issued every 12 hours whenever actual or forecast significant wave heights in an ocean area of the Northern Hemisphere equal or exceed 12 feet.

Front 82

Tropical Cyclone Conditions of Readiness (COR)

Back 82

COR 5 - Destructive winds are possible within 96 hours.
COR 4 - Trend indicates a possible threat of destructive winds of the force indicated within 72 hours.
COR 3 - Destructive winds of the force indicated are possible within 48 hours.
COR 2 - Destructive winds of the force indicated are anticipated within 24 hours. Take precautions that will permit establishment of an appropriate state of readiness on short notice.
COR 1 - Destructive winds of the force indicated are occurring or anticipated within 12 hours.

Front 83

Astronomical Almanac

Back 83

Contains precise ephemerides of the Sun, Moon, planets, and satellites, data for eclipses and other astronomical phenomena for a given year

Front 84

Nautical Almanac

Back 84

the Greenwich hour angle and declination of the Sun, Moon, and navigational planets; the Greenwich hour angle of Aries; positions of the navigational stars; rise and set times of the Sun and Moon for a range of latitudes; and other data

Front 85

Space Force Enhancement

Back 85

There are five force enhancement missions:

1. Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR)
2. Missile Warning
3. Environmental Monitoring
4. Satellite Communications
5. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing

Front 86

Space Support

Back 86

The Space Support mission area includes:
1. Space lift Operations - ability to deliver satellites, payloads, and material into space.

2. Satellite Operations - conducted to maneuver, configure, operate, and sustain on-orbit assets. 

3. Rendezvous and Proximity Operations - are specific processes where two resident space objects are intentionally brought operationally close together.

4. Reconstitution of Space Forces - refers to plans and operations for replenishing lost or diminished space capabilities. 

Front 87

Space Control

Back 87

Space control provides freedom of action in space for friendly forces, and when directed, denies it to an adversary.

Front 88

Space Force Application

Back 88

Combat operations in, through, and from space to influence the course and outcome of conflict by holding terrestrial targets at risk.

Front 89

The Sun's affects on communications

Back 89

Electromagnetic radiation – energy radiated from the sun over the entire electromagnetic spectrum.

Substantial amounts of electromagnetic radiation have the potential to adversely impact radar, communications, and space systems.

Front 90

Solar Wind

Back 90

electrically charged particles that stream continuously from the sun.

Front 91

Solar Cycle

Back 91

Since geomagnetic storms greatly hamper communications, it is fortunate that their effects usually die out within a few days.

Front 92

Van Allen Radiation Belts

Back 92

two concentric, donut shaped regions of stable, trapped charged particles that exist because the geomagnetic field near the Earth is strong and field lines are closed.

Front 93

Atmospheric Drag

Back 93

This produces more frictional drag on a satellite than expected and decreases its altitude while increasing its speed.

Front 94

Low Earth Orbit

Back 94

Altitudes between 150 and 800 miles above the Earth’s surface.

Front 95

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

Back 95

A communications satellite in orbit from 1,600 to 15,000 miles above the earth.

Front 96

Highly Elliptical Orbit – (HEO)

Back 96

This provides communications in the Northern Hemisphere for nearly 75 percent of the satellite’s orbital period. If the apogee/perigee points were shifted 180 degrees, this orbit would cover the Southern Hemisphere.

Front 97

Geosynchronous Orbit

Back 97

Average altitude of approx 19,300 nm and will have an average angular velocity exactly equal to that of the Earth’s.

Front 98

Polar Orbit

Back 98

Passes over the entire surface of the Earth.

Inclination of 90 degrees and is usually circular.
Used extensively by imagery satellites.

Front 99

Apogee

Back 99

Point on the orbit farthest from the center of the Earth

Front 100

Perigee

Back 100

Point on the orbit closest to the center of the Earth

Front 101

IDENTIFY the two main launch facilities in the United States.

Back 101

Vandenberg AFB, CA

NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, FL

Front 102

Navy UHF Follow-on (UHF)

Back 102

The Navy has procured a new constellation of satellites to replace the aging Fleet Satellites.

Front 103

Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS)

Back 103

Global Command and Control System (GCCS)

Joint Deployable Intelligence Support System (JDISS)

Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS)

Front 104

Global Broadcast Service (GBS)

Back 104

High-volume data and video information products to military tactical terminals

Front 105

Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

Back 105

A satellite-based radio navigation system operated by the Department of Defense to provide all military, civil, and commercial users with 24 hour three-dimensional precise positioning, navigation, and timing information anywhere on or near the surface of the Earth.

Front 106

Advantagesof Space-based ISR.

Back 106

Can enhance accuracy and shorten reaction times to the user

Enhance planning capabilities by providing updated information regarding terrain and adversary force dispositions.

Front 107

Disadvantages of Space-based ISR.

Back 107

Access limitations
Priority Conflicts
Atmospheric disturbances
Low number of assets
Tasking, Processing, Exploitation and Dissemination Limitations

Front 108

Space Situational Awareness

Back 108

It is a key component for space control because it is the enabler, or foundation, for conducting all other space control tasks.

Front 109

Astrometry

Back 109

The branch of astronomy that relates to precise measurements and explanations of the positions and movements of stars and other celestial bodies.

Front 110

Earth Orientation Parameters

Back 110

The Earth’s rotation is not even. Any motion in/on the Earth causes a slowdown or speedup of the rotation, or a change of rotation axis.

Front 111

DISCUSS the role of precise time in the following:

Back 111

Global Positioning System
Geo-location
Network Synchronization