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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Late Medieval Monasticism
Development of new orders |
Franciscan Order - 1209
Dominican Order 1216 |
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Franciscan Order - 1209
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1) Francis of Assisi
2) Ran naked into the woods - not a naked order 3) Emphasized poverty and preaching 4) Mendicant Order - means begging order 5) Very dedicated to "social mission" a) Cared for poor b) Sick and disabled 6) When Francis dies, his followers split on the issue of poverty a) Some feel the order should have money, etc (not individual though) b) Others say that even the order should not have money 7) Sister order - Poor Claires |
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Dominican Order 1216
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1) Dominic
2) Mendicant order 3) People who are more likely to give up bounty and wealth are actually people who have a lot of wealth to give 4) Focus is to win heretics back 5) Followed rule of St. Augustine 6) Pope said no more orders, but they followed existing order and told the pope they would win heretics back, so he let them start their order. |
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Foundations (How the Roman Bishop became Pope)
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1. 4th Century Rome was not as powerful, but did still have some power and that's how pope received power
2. A lot of martyrs in Rome (maybe Peter and Paul) 3. Fairly early on Roman Bishops began speaking of themselves as in line with Peter and pointed to Peter as the first Bishop of Rome 4. First Bishop to claim in writing this Apostolic Succession was Stephen 254-257 5. Damascus - 356-384 |
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First Bishop to claim in writing this Apostolic Succession was Stephen 254-257
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a) Key verse was Matthew 16:18-19
b) "Jesus said this to Peter, and I am in the line of Peter, then I have the same authority Peter has on some level. I am ahead of all the other Bishops" - what the popes says |
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Damascus - 356-384
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a) Pushes the point that the Roman Bishop was the only one who could claim that succession
b) First Roman Bishop to call for priestly celibacy (debated for a long time) i) Started out that they couldn't have sex after Mass ii) Soon became, couldn't have sex period iii) This debate was also talked about at Council of Nicaea |
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Papacy in the late Roman Empire and the Medieval Period
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Leo I – 440-461
Power of the pope ebbs and flows Eastern churches resist Donation of Constantine Most powerful pope: Innocent III (1198-1216) |
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Leo I – 440-461
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a) One of the things that got him this position was his negotiations with Attila the Hun, this elevated him higher in the eyes of many
b) Another push for celibacy for all priests i) Held to more under Leo than otherwise ii) A problem throughout iii) The further you were from the Roman Bishop, the more freedom you had in regards to celibacy iv) Provided core for the church's divide from east and west v) "Bishops at least have to be celibate" vi) If the Bishop was already married, they would appoint someone to sleep in the room with him and his wife to make sure they didn't "do the deed" c) Says that people should receive things that he wrote as if Peter wrote it d) "whatever is written in scripture that applies to Peter, applies to me." i) These statements are the beginnings of what leads to Papal Infallibility 1) If the Pope speaks "ex cathedra" - from his chair- then he is infallible |
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Power of the pope ebbs and flows
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Some popes have questionable character
John XII - worst pope (955) |
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Some popes have questionable character
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i) One pope was elected as a child
ii) There were some popes with secret wives, and some had "not-so-secret" wives |
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John XII - worst pope (955)
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i) Womanizer
ii) Gambling iii) Making pacts with the devil? iv) Gets kicked out of position, but buys his way back in, then has his opponent castrated v) Dies while he was with a woman who was married and the husband found him vi) Had "orgiastic" events vii) (some of these stories might be exaggerated - told by those who didn't like him) |
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Donation of Constantine
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a) Document that is forged in the 8th century (supposedly from Constantine) to give a big piece of land to the papacy
b) Affirms preeminence of pope |
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Most powerful pope: Innocent III (1198-1216)
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a) Is able and successful at wielding political power
b) Secured people's political positions, which secures his position c) Calls the 4th Lateran Council - 1215 |
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4th Lateran Council - 1215
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1. Transubstantiation
2. Episcopal Inquisition 3. No new religious orders 4. call for minimum annual confession of sin 5. requires that Jews and Muslims in Christian lands wear distinctive garments 6. establishes the Order of Primacy |
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Transubstantiation
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In its very essence it is the body and blood, but the accidents still look and taste like bread and wine
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Requires that Jews and Muslims in Christian lands wear distinctive garments
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i) Both had to wear some sort of patch to their clothing
ii) Jews had to wear a yellow badge iii) Jews wore a funky yellow hat iv) To prevent intermarriage |
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establish the Order of Primacy
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i) Says that Rome was first
ii) Constantinople was second iii) Alexandria was third iv) Antioch was fourth v) Jerusalem was fifth |
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The Crusades
Goal |
Retake the Holy Land from Muslims especially
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The Crusades
Date |
Official 1095-1270
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The Crusades
The Attraction |
1. Read from paper … Urban II's speech
2. Bible tells them to 3. Redemption from Sins 4. Invincible, manly warriors 5. Gruesome evilness from "bad guys" 6. It's God's land 7. God's chosen people |
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The Crusades
The Nature |
1. Eight organized crusades (but a lot of other groups took off)
2. Some children 3. The only successful is first one and that victory doesn't last forever --- they do awful things there (kill babies, rape women, etc) and Muslims never forget it and eventually take it back |
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The Crusades
Consequences |
1. Enmity occurs between Christians and Muslims
2. Enmity between Eastern and Western Church 3. Increases the power of the Papacy 4. Increases interest in the Life of Jesus 5. Increase veneration of relics 6. Enthusiasm for retaking the Holy Land is somewhat redirected to doing other things (politically etc) 7. Development of small cities 8. Development of trade economy 9. People are going to know the world better |
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Inquisition
Origins |
1. Established by Pope Gregory IX in 1231
1) Papal Inquisition (second to Episcopal Inquisition) |
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Inquisition
Inquisitors |
a) Trying to get rid of heresy
b) Fear of losing money and power c) Fear of going to hell and bringing others along with them d) Fear of ambiguity e) Come from new orders: Franciscans and Dominicans |
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Inquisition
Scope |
a) Starts primarily in Germany
b) Quickly expands all over the place - esp southern France and northern Italy c) Bureaucracy |
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Inquisition
Contributing Factors |
1) Frustration dealing with Cathari
2) Religious enthusiasm - looking for new way |
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Albigenses - Cathari
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a) Dualist group
b) Gnostic-like c) Began in previous century d) Have idea that all that is material is bad i) Physical is bad e) Jesus only seems to be human f) Angel like body g) If you really want the good life, you must seek to be one of the perfect h) There are "special ones" who are among the perfect i) And the perfect will be celibate j) And they try to evangelize k) Somehow it catches on and spreads really wild |
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Inquisition Procedures
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1. Inquisitor
1) Can bring suit against anyone 2. Accused 1) Had no right to council 3. Witnesses 1) Anyone could be a witness, even criminals 4. Sentences 1) No appeals, once sentence was made … it was stuck 5. Torture 6. Punishment 7. Manuals 1) Bernard Gui 2) Many were used by inquisitors to squeeze desired response 3) Had techniques on how to do that |
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Spanish Inquisition
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1) Ferdinand and Isabella requested that the Pope let them carry out an inquisition with them as the head
2) Special target were conversoes a) Jewish Christians who were believed to be fake Christians b) Jews and protestants were being run out of Spain and some converted to not be exiled, which caused the authorities to question authenticity of conversion |
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Roman Inquisition
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1) 16th century
2) Seeks to silence the protestant, or catholics who show protestant tendencies 3) Galileo was convicted to house arrest under this inquisition |
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Historical/Cultural Factors leading to Establishment of Eastern Church
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Language
Power Struggle with Islamic Expansion |
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Language factors
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1. They were reading Latin
2. Reading different things etc 3. Developed different traditions |
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Power
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1. Changes from Rome to Constantinople
2. Monarch falls, and Roman bishop has more power than anyone else - church takes over 3. In Constantinople that Bishop is always under the thumb of the emperor and so for the most part the monarch has influence over the church |
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Struggle with Islamic Expansion
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1. Eastern church struggles against this in the 7th century
2. Islam goes on the move pretty quickly 3. Fairly military driven expansion 4. The west seems pretty indifference to this until the Crusades |
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Some Theological Factors for Establishment of Eastern Church
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A. Eastern Church was rocked by a series of debates (about nature of Christ)
B. Use of religious images or icons C. The Filioque Clause |
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Eastern Church was rocked by a series of debates (about nature of Christ)
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Nestorian
Monophysite Monothelete |
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Nestorian
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a) Early 5th century, Nestorius is going to argue that in Christ there are two natures and two different persons
b) Since there are two different natures and persons, then we should call Mary the mother of Christ but not the mother of God (mother of human side but now the divine side) c) Was afraid that the divinity of Christ would eclipse the humanity of Christ d) Argues against: Mary is a theotokos - Mother of God |
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Monophysite
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a) Monk named Euchytus 5th century
b) Says that Christ is more divine than he is human c) Says he is one substance with God but not with humanity d) The humanity of Christ being merged with divinity as a drop of honey being dropped into the ocean e) Was at least on one side settled at Council of Chalcedon - Jesus was truly God and truly Man - two natures, one person. f) The debate keeps going on even after council, still a lot of monophysite churches to this day |
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Monothelete
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a) Debate of the will of Christ - was it human, divine or both?
b) Pope at the time - Honorius - says He only has one will and it is divine and is de-Poped c) Settled: Two natures and two wills |
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Use of religious images or icons
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1. In the east, images were central to the worship of the church
2. Believed to have a mystical union with reality 3. A picture that brings us in relation or connection with God and by looking at the pictures one is participating with worship 4. For some folks it seemed like idolatry 5. Emperor Leo wants to get rid of images that are being used widely in the church because they encourage idolatry 6. People would light candles in front of images to connect to divine 7. Huge resistance to Leo, except in West … they aren't using images 8. John of Damascus responds: 1) "I do not worship matter. I worship the creator of matter, who became matter for my sake." 9. 754 Constantine V completely abolish the use of images, and people are actually killed for images 10. Is eventually overturned after a big struggle and they used images more |
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The Filioque Clause
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1. Roman church inserts a new clause to the Nicaean creed that adds this phrase: "filioque" which means "and the Son"
2. So the creed says "the Holy spirit came from the father and the son" 3. When Eastern church hears this they have a problem 1) Made changes to creed without approval of whole church 2) Aren't quite ready to put son and father on same level 4. Don't put "filioque" in their creed |
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Schism - June 16, 1054
Background |
1. Pope Leo IX been talking with top dog in the east - Michael Cerularius
2. Sickened to death and maybe wanted to leave something good behind 3. Sends his cardinal Humbert to Cerularius to try and come to some peace 4. On his way, Leo dies, and Humbert is not too keen on making peace 5. When he arrives, he excommunicates Cerularius and curses him which is really bad (using the Popes names, issues a papal bull to curse him) 6. And Cerularius turns around and excommunicates Humbert 1) Official breaking point |
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Schism - 1054
Immediate Causes |
1. Pope wants eastern church to bow to him, and eastern ruler wants western church to bow to their desires
2. Eastern church still allowed their priests to marry 1) Leo gets really upset because he pushes it really hard 3. The West uses unleavened bread and the east uses leavened bread 1) Pope says it has to be unleavened, but east disregarded |
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1204 – Fourth Crusade
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1. Years later, people don't even know about all the conflict - until the 4th crusade
2. The western cities actually sacked Constantinople 3. Say that the Muslims were even more merciful than the Christians of the west in the 4th crusade |
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Attempts at Reunion
First Reunion Council - 1274 |
1. Leon, France
2. A group was sent from East and West, and they talked and an agreement was made 3. They went home, and the East wouldn't support the agreement made |
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Sacrament
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an outward visible sign of an inward physical grace - vehicles of grace
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The Seven Sacraments
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Baptism
Confirmation Penance Mass/Eucharist Matrimony Holy Orders Extreme Unction or Last Annointing |
