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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
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The First Council of Nicaea
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Nicaea in Bithynia (present-day İznik in Turkey), convoked by Constantine in 325, was the first Ecumenical council
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Arianism
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Arius (250-336), Alexandria
early 4th century contrary to the Nicene creed Considered heretical by the Council of Nicaea, dealt with the relationship between the Father and Jesus, Jesus was not one with the father, and that he was not fully, although almost, divine in nature. |
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The Ebionites
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"the Poor Ones" early Jewish Christian sect lived in and around Judea and Palestine from the 1st to the 4th century.insisted on necessity of following Jewish religious law and rites
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Eustathius of Antioch
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bishop Antioch 4th century.
native of Side in Pamphylia. About 320 he was bishop of Beroea, and he became patriarch of Antioch shortly before the Council of Nicaea in 325. In that assembly he distinguished himself zealously against the Arians, though the Allocutio ad Imperatorem with which he has been credited is hardly genuine. His anti–Arian polemic against Eusebius of Caesarea made him unpopular among his fellow bishops in the East, and a synod convened at Antioch in 330 deposed him for adultery, which was confirmed by the emperor. |
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Homoiousianism
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(from the Greek όμοιος meaning similar and ουσία meaning essence or being) was a 4th century CE movement which arose in the early period of the Christian religion out of a wing of Arianism. It was an attempt to reconcile the seemingly irreconcilable views of the pro-Nicene homoousians, who believed that God the father and Jesus his son were identical in substance, with the "neo-Arian" position that God the father is "incomparable" and therefore the Son can not be described in any sense as "like in substance or attributes" but only "like" (ομολοζ) the Father in some suborbinate sense of the term.
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Thomas Cranmer
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(1489-1556) leader of the English Reformation
Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI. Henry's divorce from Catherine of Aragon which resulted in the separation of the English Church from the Roman Catholic supported the principle of royal supremacy He wrote and compiled the first two editions of the Book of Common Prayer, a complete liturgy for the English Church. |
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Renaissance Humanism
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Renaissance Humanism was a European intellectual movement beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century. The humanist movement developed from the rediscovery by European scholars of many Latin and Greek texts. Initially, a humanist was simply a teacher of Latin literature. By the mid-15th century humanism described a curriculum — the studia humanitatis — comprising grammar, rhetoric, moral philosophy, poetry and history as studied via classical authors. The early beliefs of humanism were that, although humanists knew that God created the universe, it was humans that developed and industrialised it.
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Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus
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Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, 1466/1469 – July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian. His scholarly name Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus comprises the following three elements: the Latin noun desiderium ("longing" or "desire"; the name being a genuine Late Latin name); the Greek adjective εράσμιος (erasmios) meaning "beloved", and, in the form Erasmus, also the name of a saint; and the Latinized adjectival form for the city of Rotterdam (Roterodamus = "of Rotterdam").
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Saint Polycarp of Smyrna
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(ca. 69 – ca. 155) was a second century bishop of Smyrna. He died a martyr when he was stabbed after an attempt to burn him at the stake failed.
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Saint Clement I
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also known as Pope Clement I, Saint Clement of Rome, or Clemens Romanus, was the fourth Pope and Bishop of Rome[1] and is considered the first Apostolic Father[1] of the early Christian church.
Clement's letter to the Corinthian church (1 Clement) was widely read and is one of the oldest Christian documents still in existence outside the New Testament. This important work is the first to manifest Rome's primacy and the first to affirm the apostolic authority of the church fathers.[2] Few details are known about Clement's life. While sources vary, it is likely Clement became Pope and Bishop of Rome in the year 88, although it may have been as late as 92. It is somewhat certain that he died in the year 99.[1] The Holy See's Annuario Pontificio (2003) cites a reign from 92 to 99. According to tradition, Clement was imprisoned under the Emperor Trajan and led a miraculous ministry among fellow prisoners. He was then executed by being tied to an anchor and thrown into the sea. |
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The Shepherd of Hermas
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a Christian work of the second century, considered a valuable book by many Christians, and occasionally considered canonical scripture by some of the early Church fathers. The Shepherd had great authority in the second and third centuries.[1] It was cited as Scripture by Irenaeus and Tertullian and was bound with the New Testament in the Codex Sinaiticus, and it was listed between the Acts of the Apostles and the Acts of Paul in the stichometrical list of the Codex Claromontanus. Some early Christians, however, considered the work apocryphal.
The work comprises five visions, twelve mandates, and ten parables. It relies on allegory and pays special attention to the Church, calling the faithful to repent of the sins that have harmed it. The book was originally written in Rome, in the Greek language, but a Latin translation was made very shortly afterwards. Some say this was done by the original author as a sign of the authenticity of the translation, though others dispute this. Only the Latin version has been preserved in full; of the Greek, the last fifth or so is missing. Contents |
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Adoptionism,
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also called dynamic monarchianism, was a minority Christian belief that Jesus was born merely human and that he became divine later in his life. By these accounts, Jesus earned the title Christ through his sinless devotion to the will of God, thereby becoming the perfect sacrifice to redeem humanity. Adoptionists typically portray two key points in Jesus' life as stages in Jesus' theosis: his baptism and his resurrection. They consider God to have given Jesus his miraculous power and divine authority after Jesus proved his holiness. Adoptionism arose among early Christians seeking to reconcile the claims that Jesus was the son of God with the radical monotheism of Judaism[
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Monarchianism
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a set of beliefs that emphasize God as being one person and the only ruler of his kingdom. The term "Monarchians" or "Monarchists" was given to Christians who defended the "monarchy" of God in a reaction against the Logos theology of Justin Martyr and the apologists, who had spoken of Jesus as a "second god".
Models of resolving the relationship between the God the Father and the God the Son were proposed in the 2nd century, but later rejected as heretical by the Christian Church when the doctrine of the Trinity was developed at the First Council of Constantinople, in which it was decided that God was one being that consisted of three persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Some of the earliest Monarchians were called Alogi because they opposed the doctrine of the Logos, as explained in the canonical Gospel of John. Monarchianism in-and-of itself is not a complete theory of the relation of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, but a simple tenet that requires further extension. There are basically two contradicting models of Monarchianism: |
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Justin Martyr
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(100–165) was an early Christian apologist and saint. His works represent the earliest surviving Christian apologies of notable size.
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Eschatology
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a part of theology and philosophy concerned with the final events in the history of the world, or the ultimate destiny of humanity, commonly referred to as the end of the world. While in mysticism the phrase refers metaphorically to the end of ordinary reality and reunion with the Divine, in many traditional religions it is taught as an actual future event prophesied in sacred texts or folklore. More broadly, eschatology may encompass related concepts such as the Messiah or Messianic Age, the end time, and the end of days.
The Greek word αἰών (aeon), meaning "century" (connotation "age"), may be translated as "end of the age (or historical period[1])" instead of "end of the world". The time distinction also has theological significance; while the end of time in mystical traditions relates to escaping confinement in the "given" reality, some religions believe and fear it to be the literal destruction of the planet (or of all living things) - with the human race surviving in some new form, ending the current "age" of existence. |
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Origen
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an early Christian scholar, theologian, and one of the most distinguished of the early fathers of the Christian Church. According to tradition, he is held to have been an Egyptian[1] who taught in Alexandria, reviving the Catechetical School of Alexandria where Clement of Alexandria had taught. The patriarch of Alexandria at first supported Origen but later expelled him for being ordained without the patriarch's permission. He relocated to Caesarea Maritima and died there[2] after being tortured during a persecution.
Using his knowledge of Hebrew, he produced a corrected Septuagint.[3] He wrote commentaries on all the books of the Bible.[3] In Peri Archon (First Principles), he articulated the first philosophical exposition of Christian doctrine.[3] He interpreted scripture allegorically and showed himself to be a Neo-Pythagorean, and Neo-Platonist.[3] Like Plotinus, he wrote that the soul passes through successive stages of incarnation before eventually reaching God.[3] He imagined even demons being reunited with God. For Origen, God was the First Principle, and Christ, the Logos, was subordinate to him.[3] His views of a hierarchical structure in the Trinity, the temporality of matter, "the fabulous preexistence of souls," and "the monstrous restoration which follows from it" were declared anathema in the 6th century.[4] |
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Demetrius of Alexandria
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Patriarch of Alexandria (189–232). Sextus Julius Africanus, who visited Alexandria in the time of Demetrius, places his accession as eleventh bishop after Mark in the tenth year of Commodus; Eusebius of Caesarea's statement that it was in the tenth of Septimius Severus[1] is a mistake.
The Catholic Encyclopedia states, "Demetrius is the first Alexandrian bishop of whom anything is known." While Jerome claimed that Demetrius sent Pantaenus on a mission to India, it is likely that Clement had succeeded Pantaenus as the head of the Catechetical School before the accession of Demetrius. When Clement retired (c. 203), Demetrius appointed Origen, who was in his eighteenth year, as Clement's successor. While Demetrius was a scholar in his own right, taking part in the controversy over the proper calculation of Easter that preoccupied the Church in the time of Pope Victor I, Origen's brilliance eventually outshone Demetrius, and it is in his relationship with the famous theologian that Demetrius is defined in history. |
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Ambrose of Alexandria
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Ambrose was attracted by Origen's fame as a teacher, and visited the Catechetical School of Alexandria in 212. Through Origen's teaching, Ambrose rejected the gnostic theology of Valentinius, to which he had earlier subscribed.[1] He was wealthy and provided his teacher with books for his studies and secretaries to lighten the labor of composition.[2]
He suffered during the persecution under Maximinus Thrax in 235.[3] He was later released and died a confessor.[4] The last mention of Ambrose in the historical record is in Origen's Contra Celsum, which the latter wrote at the solicitation of Ambrose. Origen often speaks of Ambrose in affectionately as a man of education with excellent literary and scholarly tastes. All of Origen's works written after 218 are dedicated to Ambrose. |
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Gnosticism
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(Greek: γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge) refers to a diverse, syncretistic religious movement consisting of various belief systems generally united in the teaching that humans are divine souls trapped in a material world created by an imperfect god, the demiurge, who is frequently identified with the Abrahamic God: called "Yahweh" or "Jahveh" for the true name of God is the ineffable Tetragrammaton.[1] The demiurge may be depicted as an embodiment of evil, or in other instances as merely imperfect and as benevolent as its inadequacy permits. This demiurge exists alongside another remote and unknowable supreme being that embodies good. In order to free oneself from the inferior material world, one needs gnosis, or esoteric spiritual knowledge available to all through direct experience or knowledge (gnosis) of God.[2][3] Jesus of Nazareth is identified by some Gnostic sects as an embodiment of the supreme being who became incarnate to bring gnosis to the earth. In others he was thought to be a gnosis teacher, and yet others, nothing more than a man.
It is the Biblical serpent that promises Adam and Eve the knowledge of immortality: "Nequaquam moriemini; sed eritis; sicut dii; scientes bonum et malum."[4] The creation of woman as described in Genesis 2: 21-22 has a special purpose: she is more susceptible to the demons and in their hands she becomes an instrument against man. By means of concupiscence instilled in her by the demons, Eve seduces Adam not only to lust after the flesh but also to reproduce, the most formidable weapon in Satan's plan to bring about the fall of man.[5] However, in the hands of the Ophites who were Gnostic sects prevalent in Syria and Egypt about 100 AD, the biblical tale of Adam and Eve took on a new format by linking the Tree of Knowledge to Gnosis and the serpent became then worthy of worship.[6] According to the Ophites "...As man was generated in the womb from a "serpent" and an "egg", so was the universe..." [7] |
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Monism
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the metaphysical and theological view that all is one, that all reality is subsumed under the most fundamental category of being or existence.
Monism is to be distinguished from dualism, which holds that ultimately there are two kinds of substance, and from pluralism, which holds that ultimately there are many kinds of substance. Monism characterizes pantheism,[1] panentheism, and naturalism. The concepts of absolutism, the monad, and the "universal substrate" are closely related. |
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Manichaeism
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one of the major Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (Syriac, ܡܐܢܝ, c. 210–276 AD) have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism thrived between the third and seventh centuries, and at its height was one of the most widespread religions in the world.[citation needed] Manichaean churches and scriptures existed as far east as China and as far west as the Roman empire.[citation needed] Manichaeism appears to have died out before the sixteenth century in southern China.[citation needed]
The original six sacred books of Manichaeism, composed in Syriac Aramaic, were soon translated into other languages to help spread the religion. As they spread to the east, the Manichaean writings passed through Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, and ultimately Uyghur and Chinese translations. As they spread to the west, they were translated into Greek, Coptic, and Latin. The spread and success of Manichaeism were seen as a threat to other religions, and it was widely persecuted in Christian, Zoroastrian, and later, Islamic area |
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Coptic
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is the final stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the seventeenth century. Egyptian began to be written using the Greek alphabet in the first century. The new writing system became the Coptic script, an adapted Greek alphabet with the addition of six to seven signs from the demotic script to represent Egyptian phonemes absent from Greek. Several distinct Coptic dialects are identified, the most prominent of which are Sahidic and Bohairic.
As developmental phases of Egyptian, both Coptic and Demotic are grammatically closely akin to Late Egyptian, which was written in the hieroglyphic script, but differ significantly in their graphic representation. Coptic flourished as a literary language from the second to thirteenth centuries, and its Bohairic dialect continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It was supplanted by Egyptian Arabic as a spoken language toward the early modern period, though some revitalization efforts have been underway since the nineteenth century. Some claim that it never became extinct. |
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Anabaptists
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Christians of the Radical Reformation. Various groups at various times have been called Anabaptist, but the term is most commonly used to refer to the Anabaptists of 16th century Europe. Today the descendants of the 16th century European movement (particularly the Amish, Hutterites, Mennonites, Church of the Brethren, Brethren in Christ, and other respective German Baptist variants) are the most common bodies referred to as Anabaptist.
Believer's baptism is one of the defining characteristics of Anabaptist beliefs, but was considered heresy by the other major religious groups of the reformation period. As a result, Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th |
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Second Council of Lyon
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the fourteenth ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, convoked on 31 March 1272 and convened in Lyon, France, in 1274. Pope Gregory X presided over the council, called to act on a pledge by Byzantine emperor Michael VIII to reunite the Eastern church with the West.[1] The council was attended by some five hundred bishops, sixty abbots and more than a thousand prelates or their procurators, among whom were the representatives of the universities. Due to the great number of attendees, those who had come to Lyon without being specifically summoned were given "leave to depart with the blessing of God" and of the Pope. Among others who attended the council were James I of Aragon, the ambassador of the Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos with members of the Greek clergy and the ambassadors of the Khan of the Tatars. St Thomas Aquinas had been summoned to the council, but died en route at Frosinone. St Bonaventure was present at the first four sessions, but died at Lyon on 15 July.
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