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29 Cards in this Set
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Gregory the Great (540-604)
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"Son of a wealthy aristocrat; by 573 he became prefect of Rome (highest civilian office)
Soon retired from political office and dedicated his properties to ascetic uses – his villa near the Coloseum is still a monastery (M. of St. Andrews); gave himself to devotion and scholarship Pope Pelagius 2 ordained him as a deacon and sent him to Constantinople where he contended with Eutyches Elected pope in 590 against his wishes; monasticized the church and moved the papacy toward what it is today Introduced liturgical changes that became Gregorian chant Views Shared Augustine’s view of grace Promoted purgatorial purification, the seedbed of the doctrine of purgatory |
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Muhammad the Prophet (570-632)
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"Born in Makkah (Mecca); his father Abdullah had died several weeks earlier at Medinah, home of mother’s relatives
His mother died when he was six; raised by grandfather for 2 yrs then an uncle, Abu Talib; he was a camel driver with his uncle, traveling to Palestine and Syria where he encountered both Judaism and Christianity Related to the prophet Ismail through his son Kedar Marries Khadijah, a rich older widow, who bears him 6 children – two sons who die in infancy and 4 daughters Alleged to have had a vision of Gabriel when his was 40, who gave him the mission to restore true worship – the beginnings of Islam |
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Leo the Isaurian
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"The Arabs attempt to use political instability in old Roman empire to capture Constantinople; 1st attempt 674-678
Leo forces Theodosius to abdicate in 717 The Muslims under the leadership of Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik assembled 80,000 soldiers and besiege the city Leo with the use of Greek fire and the aid of the Bulgarians wore the Muslims out after 12 months of siege and they gave up their effort to capture the city |
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Charles Martel (686-741) aka “the hammer”
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"Exact details are lacking save the news of the victory itself
Later historians credit the battle with saving Europe for Christianity It paved the way for the Carolingian Empire and the Frankish domination of Europe for 100 yrs. |
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Augustine of Canterbury (d. 604)
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"Once Christianized southern England had been overrun by Angles, Saxons and Jutes
Augustine brought back the worship of Christian God in 596 Set out with 40 monks trained at Gregory’s monastery in Rome after Gregory had seen some Anglo-Saxon boys sold into slavery in Rome Gregory was determined to convert these “angels,” fair-skinned people, to Christ On landing in southern England, Augustine a message of goodwill to Ethelbert, who lived in the Durovernum Cantiacorum (Canterbury); Ethelbert had learned of Christianity from his wife Bertha, a Christian princes the Frankish realm; he offered the missionaries a place to live in his capital The missionaries began to use the St. Martin Church, the only Christian church still standing from former days Finally Augustine returned to Europe to be consecrated a bishop By 601, Ethelbert had been baptized; he was the bretwalda (senior king among the Saxons tribes); this lead to the expansion of Christianity across England Augustine sent to Rome for vestments, and helpers Mellitus, abbot of the Gauls, came bearing letter from Gregory; these letters included instructions for establishing what would become the archbishoprics of Canterbury and York At this time, there were churches in the Celtic north but for political reasons relationships between the two groups was difficult; by 668, these tensions had abated and the Celtic Christians were united with Canterbury and Rome Record of the work of Augustine is found in the Venerable Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (731). Bede has been called the father of English history |
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Willobrord – Missionary to Frisia
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"A native of Northumbria, educated under Wilfrid at monastery of Ripon
Spent 678-690 at a monastery in Ireland where he embraced the church’s missionary spirit In 690 he and 11 companions set out for Frisia ( the Netherlands and northern Germany) with the support of Pepin II who had conquered the territory Received papal approval for mission in 692; consecrated bishop on a 2nd trip to Rom in 695 Under his leadership thousands embraced Christianity and monasteries were built across northwestern Europe The monastery at Utrecht became his base of operations Starting in 716, Pepin’s hold on the territory began to crumble and Radbod and his bands destoryed many of the churches Willobrord built Willobrord fled north to Germany and Scandinavia He returned in 719 to see the devastation and rebuild the work assisted by Winfirth |
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Boniface – Apostle to Germany
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"Given name Winfrith, (680-754), aka “The Apostle to Germany”
Born an Anglo-Saxon at Crediton near Exeter in the Saxon kingdom of Wessex Became a monk, a scholar and a preacher; most of his first 40 yrs spent in a monastery Learned on the needs on the Continent after Frisian king, Radbod wiped out work of Willobrord ; an initial attempt at Germany came in 716 but war and opposition caused him to return to England Received a commission from Pope Gregory II to evangelize Frisia and bring churches under umbrella of Roman Ch Returned to Frisia in 719 for 3 yrs also laboring in Thuringa and Hesse In 722, returned to Rome to be consecrated bishop With the help of monks from England, Boniface set out to defeat Saxon paganism in Germany He destroyed idols Established churches Built monasteries He organized the church in Bavaria into four bishoprics He set out to reform the entire Roman church in Germany He founded a monastery in Fuida which became the center of his monastic work In 747, a synod of Frankish bishops acknowledged their loyalty to Rome His last missionary junket came in 754 to Frisia on which he and his colleagues were martyred |
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Methodius (c.815-885) and Cyril-Constantine (826-869)
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"Brothers from Thessalonica
Methodius started as a civil servant but became a monk Cyril was librarian of Hagia Sophia In 862, a petition came to Michael III, Byzantine emperor to sent missionaries to Moravia In preparation Cyril translated the liturgy in Old Slavic In 863, they received opposition to the new liturgy and journeyed to Rome seeking approval Methodius eventually ordained archbishop of Moravia Their mission ended up caught between struggle in the Church between the Eastern faction and the Western faction |
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Charlemagne
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"Son of Pippin the Short, father of Louis the Pious whom he crowned as his successor in 813
Protector of the papacy, dealt with the Lombard threat by marching troops across the Alps 773 and defeating Desiderius, their king Christmas Day, 800 crowned Emperor of the Romans by Leo III The Holy Roman Empire; as emperor, he asserted his authority over both civil and ecclesiastical affairs Brought about monastic reforms when he appointed Benedict of Aniane to restore order within the monastic community |
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Albert Magnus
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"A Dominican friar, doctor of the Church (one of only 33), Doctor Universalis, greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages (a term to describe the empty time between the great ancient period of philosophical thought and the Renaissance
1st to apply Aristotelian thought to Christian theology Son of a wealthy German nobleman; educated at the U. of Padua and elsewhere Taught at Cologne; his most famous pupil – Thomas Aquinas His works, printed in 38 folio volumes in 1899 are a veritable encyclopedia of knowledge Beatified in 1622, canonized in 1931 by Pius IX |
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Thomas Aquinas
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"Born Naples either 1225/7
Called “Doctor Angelicus” His father a wealthy Count related to Henry IV and Frederick II Circa 1236, he entered the U of Naples, apparently exceptionally bright By 1243, he enters the Dominican order His parents, displeased with his choice of vocation, waylaid him for two years, holding him captive, hoping to dissuade him During captivity, he obtained copies of the Scriptures, The Sentences, and Aristotle, continuing his education by self-study Sent to Rome where he was examined by Innocent IV, and then to Paris and Cologne where he came under the influence of Albert Sent to teach at the Dominican studium at Paris where he taught on Lombard’s Sentences, these lectures forming the basis for his own Summa Theologica (1265 – end of his life) He was canonized in 1323 by John XXII; Pius V, proclaiming him Doctor of the Church in 1567; 1889 Leo XIII declared him “prince and master of all Scholastic doctors” and patron of all Catholic universities (1880) |
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John Duns Scotus
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"Born at Duns in Scotland
Seems to have studied at Oxford Lectured at Paris on Sentences in 1302 but expelled for siding with pope Boniface VII against Philip the Fair over church taxation Dispatched to studium at Cologne in 1307 for unknown reasons; died in 1308 Beatified by John Paul II in 1993 Advocated realism – universals are real; univocity of being – denied the real distinction between essence and existence |
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William of Ockham
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"1st meet him as a theology student at Oxford 1309-19 who lectures on Lombard’s Sentences
In 1324, he was referred by John Luttrell, chancellor of Oxford to the Avignon papacy suspected of heresy Sides with the Franciscan “Spirituals” against Pope John XXII “in the name of apostolic poverty” and snuck out of Avignon; subsequently excommunicated Possibly tried to reconcile with Clement VI; disappears from history; possibly died of the plague Philosophy – keep it simple “entities are not to be multiplied without necessity” Ockham’s razor; nothing “universal” can be real, only individuals |
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Clement V
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"a Frenchman chosen as pope in 1305, a man of moral laxity moves to France from Rome in 1305 and then to Avignon in 1309 and comes under the dominating influence of the French kings until 1377
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Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1290-1349)
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"Oxford educated, confessor to Edward III, during 100 Yrs. War
Elevated to Archbishop of Canterbury in 1349 but died 40 days after his consecration of the plague. B. was a theologian and a mathematician whom Chaucer ranked with Augustine. He addressed the Pelagianism within the Roman Church and had a profound influence on the young John Wycliffe |
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Gregory of Rimini (d. 1358)
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"An Italian Augustianian theologian
Moved to Paris to the Sorbonne and as one of the leaders of the Nominalists. His synthesis of a moderate nominalism with some Augustinianism influence later reformers though he was more of a semi-pelagian than an Augustianian |
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John Wycliffe c. 1324-1384
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"Born into a small village in Yorkshire
Early life unknown nor when he first came to Oxford; by 1345 he is there Early influences include Bradwardine, Occam, others By 1361, he had his own parish By 1372, he had earned a D. D. and could lecture on systematic theology By 1374, he received Luttersworth from the crown, where he remained to his death He offended the church by supporting the government when it seized property of corrupt clergy; condemned by the pope in 1377 but protected by the king Began to attack central doctrine of the Church – transubstantiation and the need for a priestly intercessor Deserted by friends / king; forced out of Oxford 1382 and died 1384 Followers known as Lollards; initiated the translation which bears name In 1428, disinterred, crushed, burned and ashes cast in the river Swift The true church is the invisible body of the predestined Only the church can rightly interpret the Scripture, paving the way for the return of the Scripture to the language of the common man Denial of transubstantiation - Based on the incarnation, the presence of the deity does not replace the presence of the humanity. Therefore the presence of Christ was in the elements but they remained bread and wine, leading W. to be declared a heretic at Oxford by many. Though briefly incarcerated, his reputation kept him from more serious trouble and he retired to Lutterworth, a parish he had received from the crown in appreciation for his loyalty. Opposed the veneration of images Opposed indulgences |
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John Hus c. 1371-1415
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"Czech reformer, born at Husinec, in southern Bohemia
After earning a Master at Charles U in Prague, he began to lecture Popular preacher at Prague’s non-parochial Bethlehem Chapel (1402); Influence by Wycliffe’s views Sermons filled with calls for reforms, criticism of church abuses Got caught up in the Great Schism on the opposite side of Alexander V, the 3rd pope In 1409, Alexander had the king ban preaching in chapels to curtail Hus The queen interceded along with 2000 parishioners who supported him The reformers gained control of the university Hus elected rector but views increasing identified with Wycliffe who had been condemned in 1403 Wycliffe’s works burned at Hradcany Castle by archbishop; Hus protested and excommunicated Prague put under interdict 1412; Hus into exile voluntarily Used the time to write (15 books) In 1414, he appeared at the Council of Constance; promised safe conduct by Sigismund, he was arrested instead Pressured to recant, he refused; he was stripped of priesthood, banned from teaching and books burned He was sent to the stake Hus the reformer – mixed reviews Some argue he is warmed over Wycliffe He did not replace the altar with a pulpit (as Calvin would do) He did not preach justification (as Luther would do) Perpetuated Catholic dogma of the mass He was a harbinger of things to come |
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Girolamo Savonarola - 1452-1498
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"Born Ferrara, Northern Italy; educated at local university
After a spiritual crisis, joined the Dominicans at Bologna; ordained 1477 Became a biblical scholar Began preaching reform 1485 By 1490 under influence of Lorenzo, he became reader at San Marco; elected prior in 1491 By 1493, with civil blessing, he created new Dominican congregation He drew the praise of the humanists for his scholarship; the ear of many for his direct preaching His apocalyptic preaching boosted after invasion of Italy by France in 1494 Became increasing prominent in his denunciation of vices in the city of Florence and calls for reform Prominent was the “Bonfire of Vanities” 7 Feb 1497 – pictures, gambling tables, books, carvings, etc. Excommunicated by Alexander, he refused to stop preaching, Florence threatened with interdict Arrested, tortured, forced to confess heresy, he recanted and then recanted his recant Hung first then his body was publically burned Influence Outside Florence, it was felt in France Luther praised him and may have derived some of his understanding on justification from him. |
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Desiderius Erasmus 1467-1536
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"Born Rotterdam to unmarried parents; mother a widow, his father a priest
Father favored Italian humanism Orphaned by 1484/5 Began his education at Gouda and after father’s death sent to Hertogenbosch to be schooled by Brethren of the Common Life 1487 entered religious life; ordained 1492 Studied theology at U of Paris 1485 Traveled to England with William Blount in 1499 his patron Enchiridion militis christiani (1502) addressed true religion and true piety; accompanied his comments with biting criticism of the Church 1505, he wrote an introduction to Lorenzo Valla’s Annotationes which included “his first utterance concerning the Scriptures, laying especial stress on the necessity of a new translation, a return to the original text, and respect for the literal sense.” In 1509, The Praise of Folly, which went through 7 editions in a few months. In 1516 he published an annotated NT – a Greek NT; also a nine vol. Edition of Jerome In 1523, he published De Libreo Arbitro. Luther responded with De Servo Arbitro to which Erasmus wrote an even longer reply in two parts, Hyperaspistes (1526–27). |
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Leo the Great
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"– considered the first pope in the modern sense
– Under his leadership, Attila the Hun in 452 chose not to attac k the defenseless city of Rome – In 455, Leo negotiated with Vandal leader Genseric to not burn the city of Rome when they capture the city |
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Benedict IX
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"One of the more profligate popes in history; served as pope three different times – 1032- 1044; April – May 1045; 1047-1048
He was the son of Count Alberic of Tusculum who secured the office for him when he was between 12 and 18. He lived a wicked life and excommunicated his opponents causing a ecclesiastical uprising in Jan. 1044. He fled Rome and bishop John of Sabina was elected his successor as Sylvester III Benedict brothers drove him out and Benedict sold his chair to his godfather Giovanni Graziano, a pious priest who is said to have bought the office to rescue the papacy from scandal. Became Gregory VI In 1046, Benedict and Sylvester returned to Rome, each claiming the office Henry III of Germany called the Council of Sutri, deposed Benedict, imprisoned Sylvester and charged Gregory with simony. He set up a Saxon bishop as Clement II. He died a short time later (9 Oct 1047) and Benedict returned to try to reclaim his office – 8 November 1047 Boniface of Tuscany succeeded in replacing him with Damasus II 17 July 1048 |
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Innocent III
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"Born Lothar of Segni, considered the most significant pope of the Middle Ages
Educated in Rome and Paris; worked his way up through ecc. ranks Elevated to pope the day Celestine III died (9 Jan 1198); ordained a priest in Feb.; he faced the need for political and ecclesiastical reform on every hand Order Philip Augustus of France to take back his wife Forced John of England to accept Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury after John excommunicated (1209) and England placed under interdict in 1208; John forced to acknowledge he held his kingdom as a vassal of the pope Innocent backed Fredrick II in 1212 against Otto IV because Otto reneged on certain promises and called on the armies of Philip II of France to defeat Otto which they did in 1214 Accomplishments – Expanded papal authority over Papal States – Reformed Roman Curia – Promotes the Crusades (Fourth Crusade) – Presided over 4th Lateran Council – Worked to stamp out the Albigensian heresy |
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Leo IV (847-855):
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"Forgiveness of Sins for Those Who Dies in Battle With the Heathen
Given to the Frankish Army “Now we hope that none of you will be slain, but we wish you to know that the kingdom of heaven will be given as a reward to those who shall be killed in this war. For the Omnipotent knows that they lost their lives fighting for the truth of the faith, for the preservation of their country, and the defense of Christians. And therefore God will give then, the reward which we have named.” In Migne, Patrologia Latina, 115: 656-657, and 161:720, trans. Oliver J. Thatcher, and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., A Source Book for Medieval History, (New York: Scribners, 1905), 511-12 |
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Pope John VIII:
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"Indulgence for Fighting the Heathen, 878
John VIII to the bishops in the realm of Louis II [the Stammerer]. You have modestly expressed a desire to know whether those who have recently died in war, fighting in defence of the church of God and for the preservation of the Christian religion and of the state, or those who may in 'he future fall in the same cause, may obtain indulgence for their sins. We confidently reply that those who, out of love to the Christian religion, shall die in battle fighting bravely against pagans or unbelievers, shall receive eternal life. For the Lord has said through his prophet: ""In whatever hour a sinner shall be converted, I will remember his sins no longer."" By the intercession of St. Peter, who has the power of binding and loosing in heaven and on the earth, we absolve, as far as is permissible, all such and commend them by our prayers to the Lord. In Migne, Patrologia Latina, 126: 816 trans. Oliver J. Thatcher, and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., A Source Book for Medieval History, (New York: Scribners, 1905), 512 |
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Vatican I
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"Declared Peter the chief of all the Apostles and visible head of the whole Church
Declared for infallibility |
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Bernard of Clairvaux
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"Born into the landed gentry to parents who modeled virtue and faith
Under mother’s influence he turned to a life of renunciation and solitude, joining the Cistercians in 1112 and persuades 30 relatives, including his brother, to join him Founding abbot of monastery at Clairvaux; it took nearly 10 years for the monastery to become self-sufficient, impacting the health of Bernard He retired to a hut near the monastery and began to write A champion for Mariolatry, though not the immaculate conception; prolific author; Crusade preacher Canonized in 1174; dubbed a “Doctor of the Church” in 1830 and doctor mellifluus in 1953 by Pius XII Author – “Jesus th Very Thought of Thee” and “O Sacred Head Now Wounded” |
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Peter Abelard (1079-1142)
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"Son of a wealthy French baron, eventually educated at the cathedral school of Notre Dame of Paris; soon becomes a teacher
Taught by Realists (universals exist in reality – greenness – all things green share a common element – greenness) but soon overthrew their arguments with Nominalism (no such things as universals, they have no real existence beyond our imagination) Famous love affair with his pupil Heloise, whose uncle upon finding out of the secret marriage had him castrated; she sought refuge in a convent Sic et Non – Yes and No a dialectic approach to the Scripture with opposing questions to seek truth. |
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Peter Lombard (c. 1100-1160)
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"Born to an impoverished Italian family; little known of his first 30 yrs.
By 1136 he is in Paris and by 1145, he is a teacher in a cathedral school Between 1147 and 1159 he rose through the ranks of the clergy, eventually becoming bishop of Paris; he died soon after His most important work - Libri quatuor sententiarum, Book of Sentences (c. 1150) Helped shape later Scholasticism One of the most important theology treatise for more than 400 yrs It covered the range of theological topics, with biblical texts, comments from the Church Fathers and Medieval thinkers; Trinity, Creation, Christ, Sacraments A standard text in later Medieval universities" |
