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63 Cards in this Set
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Polycarp
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Bishop of Smyrna, martyred at 86 years old in AD150. Refused to sacrifice to emperor Marcus Aurelius. The detailed document, 'The Martyrdom of Polycarp' demonstrated the early Christian's devotion and respect for martyrs.
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Justin Martyr
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(100-165) Born of pagan parent in Samaria, later became a Christian and taught at Ephesus. Martyred in 165. Taught that philosophers such as Plato had known some wise insights from the pre-incarnate Word, or Logos, as all wisdom comes from him.
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Tertullian
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(160-225) born a pagan and became Christian. Rejected Greek philosophy as pagan. Sided with Montanists who claimed to have divine inspiration and authority equal to apostles and Scriptures.
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Gnosticism
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(gnosis means 'knowledge'). They read allegorical meanings into New Testament that were alien to the original writers. This was the hidden wisdom which they believed the risen Jesus had imparted to the apostles orally.
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Marcion
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(d. 160) Violence in the OT led him to believe the god of the OT was not the High God, he was inferior. Marcion's Bible cut out the OT. A hellenistic, philosophical way of making sense of the matter. He was condemned a heretic.
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Manichaeism
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(216-276) A blend of Christianity and Gnosticism using asceticism. Believed prophets, Jesus and Buddha were redeemer figures. Augistine of Hippo was a member until conversion.
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Rule of faith
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Church fathers developed the Apostles' Creed to summarize main teachings and counter Gnosticism.
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Constantine (c. 300)
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Took Rome in 312 issuing Edict of Milan 313 granting Christians free worship. Elaborate churches were built, example was St Peter's basilica in Rome at the traditional site of Peter's martyrdom. Christian toleration, rather than establishment, had been proclaimed.
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Donatists
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During Constantine's reign, these Christians refused to accept lapsed Christians into fellowship. Those who had given in to previous persecutions and sacrificed to the emperor.
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Monasticism (c. 300)
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Christians reacted against the new, state influenced, tolerated church cult by retreating to the desert of Egypt. No longer outwardly persecuted, Christians inflicted themselves with asceticism to stay pure, etc; seeking 'white martyrdom'. Asceticism has strong roots in Hellenistic philosophy where matter is inferior to the spirit.
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Council of Nicea 325
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To counter Arianism, which believed Jesus had a beginning and was therefore not divine. The council debated the Trinitarian nature of God. Decision: 'God from God, light from light. True God from true God, begotten not made.'
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Modalism
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Believed that Jesus was no different from the Father, just another mode of being. Denounced as heresy. This depicted the Trinity as one God in three roles, like the actor's masks in the theatre. One actor but could become three different characters.
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Council of Constantinople 381
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Appealed to Tertullian's model of 'one substance, three persons' and developed a more sophisticated Trinitarian theology from that of a hierarchy of being- greatest, greater, great- which had allowed the possibility of Arian views. Their motto was 'By the Father, through the Son, fulfilled by the Spirit'. The difference between the persons was not of greatness of levels of divinity but of relationship.
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Apollinarianism
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Believed that when the Word became flesh there was no need of a human soul in the man Jesus. Rejected at Council of Constantinople 381. According to the council, Jesus had to be fully human and divine to be saviour.
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Apostle's Creed
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Summary of Christian belief with particular emphasis on the nature of the Son and the divinity of the Spirit.
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NIcene Creed
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Based upon decisions at the councils of Nicea and Constantinople. Countered Arianism and Apollinarianism, affirming a true teaching of the Trinity.
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Emperor Theodosius (c. 350)
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Christianity was embraced as the official faith of the empire. Sacrifices were forbidden. Jews were out of place in this new society.
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Augustine's The City of God
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410; written when barbarians attacked Rome. Augustine argued that the kingdom of God stood forever, whereas human kingdoms came and went. The city of God was not Rome; an unthinkable thought to readers of his day. To think that there would be a future without the Roman empire.
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Pelagius
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Denied the need for saving grace, responding to Augustine's Confessions book where there was an appeal to grace to live a chaste life. Pleagius believed that too much talk of grace can lead to laxity. He stressed the gift of free-will, the God-given capacity to choose between right and wrong. He neglected to speak of original sin.
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St Jerome's Latin Vulgate
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(5th century) allowed Latin speakers to avoid learning Greek and opened up readership to wider numbers.
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Council of Chalcedon 451
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Affirmed that Jesus is true God and true man, with the natures neither separate nor merged into a hybrid. The Alexandrian term, 'hypostatic union' was used and affirmed.
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Gregory the Great
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The first monk pope and great reformer, 590. Organized relief for the poor, founded monasteries, and clergy reform with his influential Pastoral Care. Encouraged missions and developed sacred music with the Gregorian chant. Gregory was humble and rejected any great titles.
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Martin of Tours (397)
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Introduced monastic life to the Gallic lands. Became a catechumen when still a Roman soldier. In a vision felt called to religious life. For Celtic monks, their deserts were the craggy isles, rocky hills and deserted places.
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St Patrick
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390-460. Snatched from his birthplace by Irish pirates, he was taken to Ireland at age 16. He became a fervent Christian and later received a vision to leave Ireland. He studied and then was called back to Ireland for ministry.
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Council of Constantinople 553
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Discussed the nature of the union of the divine/human in Christ, rejecting the monophysite position (believed in one nature, the Godman.)
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Council of Constantinople 680
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Condemned monothelitism (belief that there was only one will, namely God's, in Christ) thus making him less than fully human.
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Council of Nicea 787
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Defended the use of holy icons against the iconoclasts.
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Filioque
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The West added a clause to the Nicene Creed, filioque 'and the Son'. Which would read, 'the Holy Spirit who proceeds from the Father and the Son'. Teaching a double procession of the Spirit from the first two persons of the Trinity. The East objected to the unilateral insertion of a new phrase in the creed without a council being called.
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The Great Schism 1054
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Tensions developed between the East and West over many issues. One being flioque added to the Nicene Creed, marriage of priests, baptism and confirmation, date of Easter, Sacraments, Charismatic beliefs, and most importantly the authority of the pope. Matters worsened in the fourth crusade 1204 when crusaders sacked Constantinople and butchered many Eastern believers. Many trace this as the real breakdown in relations.
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1st Crusade
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1095, Pope Urban II, sent an army to help the Byzantine emperor from Muslim expansion. Resulted in reconquest of Jerusalem in 1099. Crusaders went overboard, killing Muslims, Jews, and Orthodox Christians.
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2nd Crusade
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1146, encouraged by Bernard of Clairveaux, was a military failure.
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3rd Crusade
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1189, involved Richard the Lionheart and Saladin, resulted in a stalemate and truce.
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4th Crusade
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1204, went no further than Constantinople when the crusaders sacked the city and killed many. This caused more bitterness between Rome and the Orthodox than the Great Schism of 1054.
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Wyclif
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14th century. Rejected the authority of an immoral pope and turned to the Bible as the real source of authority. He translated the Bible into English which created outrage from the church who believed an unauthorized translation could lead to error and heresy. He also challenged transubstantiation but this was too radical for his day and led to a lack of support. He was condemned a heretic after his death. His movement led authorities to introduce severe penalties for heresy (death by hanging and burning). A law was passed stating that whoever read the English Bible should forfeit land, chattels, goods and life.
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Jan Hus
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1372-1415. Inspired by Wyclif, championed the cause of reform in Prague where he was rector of Prague University. He was condemned and burned at the stake in 1415.
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Inquisition 1231
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Under the direction of Rome, to deal with the problem of the Cathars who rejected the body as inferior to the spirit and demanded celibacy of every full member. A series of wars tried to eradicate the heresy. finally, Pope Innocent ordered a crusade to the south of France to deal with Cathars. Torture was condoned in 1252.
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Martin Luther 1483-1546
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Augustinian monk and lecturer in theology, nailed 95 theses to cathedral door in Wittenberg 1517. He criticized sale of indulgencies and improper use of power by the pope.
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Diet of Worms 1521
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Martin Luther called to give an account of himself. He declared, "Here I stand; I can do no other". Elector of Saxony gave him protection by hiding him in Wartburg castle. During that time he translated Bible into German.
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Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531
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Led reform in Switzerland, more radical than Luther. Zwingli appealed to Scriptures alone and saw no mention of Lent or forbidden foods.
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John Calvin 1509-1564
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He felt a call to restore the church to its original purity. Wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion which gave a thorough analysis of Reformed views. He provided a middle way between Luther and Zwingli. A distinctive teaching of Calvin was predestination.
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Protestant
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The term came into being 1529 when a diet ordered six German Reformed princes and fourteen cities under Reformed influence to revert to Catholicism. They joined forces and wrote a "Protestation". Toleration was achieved by the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.
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Counter Reformation
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Ignatius Loyola 1491-1556, formed a Society of Jesus, the Jesuits. They were commissioned by Pope Paul III to counter Reformation with a vigorous attempt to win back hearts to the Catholic Church and to clean up their own act. The order became dedicated missionaries. The most famous member was Francis Xavier missionary to India.
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Theresa of Avila 1515-1582
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Created a stricter Rule of Life for her Carmelite sisters. Her counsellor and friend was John of the Cross who wrote The Dark Night of the Soul.
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Justification by faith (sola fide)
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The central issue of the Reformation. Luther had struggled with the system of penance and devotions and could find no inner peace. Reading the New Testament in Greek he saw ideas with fresh eyes. He saw that the righteousness of God is ours in Christ as a gift, it could not be earned by works. Calvin. Zwingli and others followed Luther's theology here.
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Council of Trent
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Catholics confirmed their belief that revelation is to be found in both tradition and Scripture, not just by Scripture alone as the Reformers believed.
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Edward VI
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1547-1553. Advanced Reformed religion with production of first English Prayer Book 1549. A second prayer book of 1552 with John Knox help, was better accepted.
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Thirty Nine articles 1553
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Written by Cranmer, they defined stance of Church of England toward a more Protestant direction.
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Mary Tudor
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Succeeded Edward VI and sought to eradicate Reformed faith. Dissidents were arrested and often executed at the stake. John Foxe wrote of this in Book of Martyrs which instilled a hatred of Catholicism for a long time.
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Elizabeth I 1558-1603
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Saw return of Protestant exiles who were 'Puritan' in belief. Elizabeth respected freedom of beliefs as long as they didn't become a political threat.
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James I 1603-1625
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Granted an English translation, authorized Version of the Bible 1611 (KJV).
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English Civil War 1642-1651
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Charles I was deposed and executed and the Prayer Book as well as bishops were abolished. The Presbyterian Church in England was installed. Cromwell declared toleration for all believers except for Catholics.
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Quakers1667
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Believed God dwelt in the heart not in buildings. This led to neglect of sacraments and church order. Meetings were unstructured and any could speak as they felt moved. Took a pacifist position, refusing to take up arms. Their behavior became notorious for being wild and disorderly.
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John Bunyan 1628-1688
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A baptist who was anti-Catholic, he wrote The Pilgrim's Progress 1670. The most famous preacher of his time.
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Rene Descartes 1596-1650
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Wondered how to be certain about what he observed. Life could be a dream, an illusion, or a trick. He concluded that the only thing he could be sure about was the existence of his very self. 'I think, therefore I am'. He worked out a system of logic and observation. This formed what we know today as the scientific method of observation and testing. He held an immanent position, whereby God's abiding presence held reality in being.
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Blaise Pascal 1623-1662
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French mathematician and physicist. He went through an intense conversion experienc. For Pascal, the heart was the essential thing, for Descartes it was the head. Pascal joined the Jansenist movement, a reforming Catholic group who t rusted in grace for salvation, despairing of their own efforts.
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John Locke 1632-1704
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Believed ideas were formed from external stimuli rather than from the mind as Descartes believed. He sought truth by what was empirically observable and testable. He believed God to be impersonal, the first cause only. He taught the empirical rather then the idealist way.
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David Hume 1711-1776
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Atheistic scepticism more like deism where God was the absentee 'divine watchmaker'.
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George Whitefield 1714-1770
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Involved in the Welsh revival, he visited and preached in New England for six weeks 1735. Blamed dead churches on spiritually 'dead' pastors. His preaching led to distrust of authority and new denominations sprang up with preachers untrained and uneducated due to distrust of the educated.
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John Wesley 1703-1791
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Started Holy Club in Oxford where they earned the nickname Methodists. Charles his brother and George Whitefield were members. On a mission to America, which failed, John met Moravians who led him to simple faith in Christ and real conversion. He was to travel 250,000 by horseback on preaching trips. Originally an Anglican, his preaching led to a need for more preachers which his church would not allow him to ordain. He ordained his own pastors which led to a break with the Anglicans. This caused him consternation since it created disunity.
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Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf 1700-1760
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A Lutheran nobleman founded the Community of the Grain of Mustard Seed. He settled exiled Moravians on his estate.
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William Carey 1761-1834
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The Wesleyan Conference sent their first missionary to India 1786. William was a Baptist minister to become the first Protestant missionary to India. He translated the Bible into several dialects and involved in the movement to abolish sati, the practice of burning widows on their husbands' deaths.
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Hudson Taylor 1832-1905
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Founded China Inland Mission seeking to train Chinese converts for leadership so that Christianity would not be seen as a foreign faith. Radical for his time.
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Hannah Ball 1734-1792
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Started the Sunday school movement as a Methodist. Based on a concern for children and their basic Scriptural and moral education.
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