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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neoplasm
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-tumor development
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Benign Tumor
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-grow slowly
-remain localized -can be removed |
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Malignant Tumor
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-rapid growth
-infiltrate surrounding tissue -metastasis |
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Oncogenes
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-altered or mutated genes
-allow uncontrolled growth of cells -results in tumor formation |
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Etiology of Cancer
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-caused by chemicals, smoke, diet, parasites or UV and ionizing radiation
-viruses (HIV, HPV, and Hepatitis) |
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Dysplasia
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-disorganization of cells
Metaplasia - benign but abnormal Anaplasia - loss of cell differentiation |
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Proto-oncogenes
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-normally regulate cell growth and differentiation
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Tumor Suppression Genes
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-inactivation may cause cell duplication
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DNA Repair Genes
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-if impaired can allow mutated cells to proliferate
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Hyperplasia
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-increase in the number of cells in a tissue
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Metastasis
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-cancer cells travel to other parts of the body and grow tumors
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Infectious Agents and the Cancers they Cause
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HPV - testicular or cervical cancer
Helicobacter - stomach cancer |
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Risks for cancers of lung, larynx, esophagus, kidney, bladder, and mouth
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-tobacco use
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Risks for Skin Cancer
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-UV exposure
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Risks for Breast Cancer
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-early Menarche
-late menopause -oral contraceptives -family history -alcohol |
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Risks for Cervical Cancer
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-multiple sex partners
-viral STDS -early age of sexual activity |
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Risks for Colon Cancer
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-high fat/low fiber diet
-inactivity -family history |
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Risks for Prostate Cancer
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-age
-family history -high fat diet |
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Diagnosis of Cancer
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-tumor associated antigen testing
-diagnostic imaging -biopsy |
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Classification of Cancer
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0 - cancer is encapsulated
1 - cancer is limited to original site 2 - cancer has spread to surrounding areas 3 - high prob of metastatic disease 4 - metastatic spread to other regions of the body |
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Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
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-age
-female -estrogen deficiency -inactivity |
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Diagnosis of Osteoporosis
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-look at history
-do X-Ray or DEXA -bone biopsy |
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Treatment of Osteoporosis
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-control pain and prevent fractures
-stimulate bone growth with NaFl and resistance training |
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Prevention of Osteoporosis
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-key to osteoporosis
-important to build strong bones early on -resistance training |
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Osteoarthritis
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-degenerative joint disease caused by injury or overuse
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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-autoimmune disease with inflammation
-gross deformities develop |
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Gout
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-most manageable
-defect in purine metabolism -uric acid deposit in joints |
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Ankylosing Spondylitits
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-autoimmune disease that fuses spine
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Juvenile Arthritis
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-rheumatoid arthritis at a young age
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Lupus Erythrematosis
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-autoimmune disease of connective tissue
-see chronic inflammation and redness -affects all connective tissue, even organs |
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Scleroderma
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-disease of connective tissue
-hardening of all connective tissue |
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Causes of Disease of the Joints
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-aging
-genetics -repetitive use, causing loss of cartilage -causes bone on bone contact and produces spurs |
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Signs and Symptoms of Disease of the Joints
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-pain in joints
-stiffness -abnormal curvature -irritation of spinal nerves |
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Arthrocentesis
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-removal of joint fluid for analysis
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Arthroscopy
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-insertion of viewing tube
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Treatment of Osteoarthritis
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-rest and lose weight
-replace joint -PT/OT |
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Surgery with Osteoarthritis
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Osteotomy - bone removal
Arthrodesis - fusion of joints Arthroplasty - artificial joint |
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Consequences with TBI
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Primary - what happens at time of injury
Secondary - edema or ischemia - increases the likelihood of permanent damage |
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Disruption of Brain Function with TBI
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-poor concentration, memory, or judgement
-less strength, coordination, and balance -decreased sensitivity to senses -unstable emotions |
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Symptoms of TBI
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-spinal fluid from nose and ears
-respiratory failure -coma or paralysis -loss of bowel control |
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Concussion
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-most common TBI
-sudden impact causing focal point injury |
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Contusion
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-a bruise or bleeding in brain
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Diffuse Axonal Injury
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-like whiplash or shaken baby syndrome
-causes tearing of nerve tissue that disrupts brain communication |
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Second Impact System
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-more likely to be permanent
-2nd TBI before 1st heals -causes muscle spasms, hallucination, and difficulty learning |
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Penetration Injury
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-object enters the skull
-motor, sensory or cognitive dysfunction |
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Treatment for TBI
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-stabilize injury (acute)
-rehab to normal function (subacute) -treat impairment (chronic) |
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Myopathies
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-any disease of muscle tissue caused by nerve dysfunction
-loss of muscle strength, mass and tone -results in muscle weakness, atrophy, and spasm |
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Causes of Myopathy
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-genetics
-endocrine abnormalities |
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Duchenne's
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-most common and severe myopathy (only in males)
-X linked -no production of dystrophin -results in muscle wasting |
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McArdle's
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-inability to breakdown carbs
-loss of muscle strength during exercise |
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Tarui's
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-glycogen can't be stored
-loss of muscle strength during exercise |
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Carnitine Palmityl Transferase (CPT-2)
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-interferes with fat metabolism
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Periodic Paralysis
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-periodic loss of muscle function
-caused by abnormality of K uptake -stress sets this off -starts with core muscles then spreads to limbs |
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Risk Factors for Myopathy
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-autoimmune disorders
-endocrine disorder -metabolic disorder -Vit D deficiency |
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Signs of Myopathy
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-skeletal muscle weakness
-starts at core muscles then moves to limbs -aching, cramping, pain, stiffness, tender, tightness -fatigue |
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Clinical Evaluation for Myopathy
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-look for endocrine abnormality
-look for heart problems -look for mental dysfunction -muscle weakness and atrophy |
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Neurological Evaluation for Myopathy
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-can they walk?
-do they have coordination? -how fast is their Knee Jerk? |
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Other Evaluations for Myopathy
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Blood Test - check for high/low serum K
EMG - identifies what muscles are weakened Muscle Biopsy - look for protein abnormality |
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Treatment for Myopathy
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-focuses on relieving symptoms
1) use of corticosteroids 2) calcium supplements 3) PT 4) surgery for contractures |
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General Treatment for Different Myopathies
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Endocrine - treat underlying cause
Inflammatory - immunosupressants Metabolic - avoid taxing situations |
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Multiple Sclerosis
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- chronic, progressive, degenerative disorder that affects myelin sheath
- caused by destruction of oligodentrites -causes slowing of nerve impulses which causes weakness and pain |
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Underlying Factors of MS
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Inflammation- causes autoimmune response
Demyelination Axonal Loss |
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Causes of MS
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-classified by autoimmune disorder
-results from abnormal immune response -T cells attack myelin |
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Hallmark Symptoms of MS
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-unpredictable periods of exacerbation, remission, and progression
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Early Symptoms of MS
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-tingling
-numbness -burning -pain |
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Developed Symptoms of MS
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-balance abnormalities
-bladder/bowel dysfunction -behavior change -cognitive dysfunction |
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Motor Abnormalities with MS
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-muscle weakness and spontaneous contraction
-fatigue |
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Uhthoff's
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-raise in body temperature causes exacerbation of symptoms of MS
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Primary Progressive MS
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-steady progression with few remissions
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Relapsing Remitting MS
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-most common
-fast progression with remissions |
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Secondary Progressive MS
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-initially similar to relapsing remitting but eventually progresses to no remissions
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Relapsing Progressive MS
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-effects are cumulative between relapses
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Diagnosis of MS
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Physical/Neuro Exam - used to eliminate possibilities
MRI - shows white matter lesions Spinal Tap - detect oligoclonal bands in CSF Evoked Potential Test - detects slow nerve trasmission |
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Fibromyalgia
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-sensory processing problem
-characterized by long term pain in joints, tendon insertions, and soft tissue -always in pain because of low pain threshold -set of symptoms rather than disease |
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Fibromyalgia Symptoms
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-fatigue
-pain -sleep problems -headaches -anxiety and depression |
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Risk Factors for Fibromyalgia
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-age
-being a woman -genetics -rheumatoid arthritis |
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Pathophysiology of Fibromyalgia
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-unknown etiology
-higher than normal substance P is produced -substance P upregulates pain sensitivity |
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Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia
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-identify 11 of 18 trigger points
-look at level of substance P in CSF |
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Lifestyle Changes with Fibromyalgia
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-avoid caffeine
-physical activity -healthy diet -regular sleep |
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Parkinson's
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-chronic, progressive, and neurogenerative movement disorder
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Risk Factors for Parkinson's
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-possibly genetic
-possibly environmental toxins -old age |
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Pathophysiology of Parkinson's
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-unknown etiology
-destruction of substantia nigra which produces dopamine -dopamine important for coordinating function -80% of dopamine cells must be gone for symptoms |
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Primary Symptoms of Parkinson's
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-tremors at rest
-bradykinesia -rigidness of limbs -Parkinsonian Gait |
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Diagnosis of Parkinson's
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-must have two or more symptom
-MRI or CT scan to see if brain is smaller -urinalysis for dopamine levels |
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Treatment for Parkinson's
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-L Dopa- dopamine replacement drug
-MAOB Inhibitor- slows degredation of dopamine |
