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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organic vs. Functional Disease
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O - actual changes to tissue
F - no permanent change in structure yet |
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Sign vs. Symptom
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Sign - physical observable change
Symptom - only felt by patient |
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Etiology
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-cause of the disease
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Ischemia vs. Infarction
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Ischemia - inadequate oxygen to tissue because of poor blood flow
Infarction - death of tissues because of poor blood flow |
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Cachexia
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-disease induced anorexia
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Metastasis
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-cancer cells invade surrounding tissue
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Incidence vs. Prevalence Rate
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Incidence - number of new cases
Prevalence - number of total cases |
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Endemic vs. Epidemic
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Endemic - localized disease
Epidemic - spreads across all people and places |
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Congenital Disease
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-Disease given in utero
- cerebral palsy |
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Inflammatory Disease
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-chronic inflammation
-arthritis |
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Degenerative Disease
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-structure or function of tissue changes because of wear and tear
-Alzheimer's |
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Metabolic Disease
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-some abnormality of a chemical substance in the body
-typically genetic |
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Neoplastic Disease
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-categorized by growth of a tumor
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Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan
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-see internal structures from superior view using ionizing radiaiton
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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-create image based on water content of tissue
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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-isotope injected and highly metabolic tissue absorbs it
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P-R Interval
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-time an impulse takes to get from the SA node to the Purkinje Fibers
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Causes of Tachycardia
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-exercise, fever, dehydration
-atropine, epinephrine |
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Sinus Bradycardia
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-HR lower than 50
-causes fatigue and dizziness -brought on by high para. innervation and vomiting -treated with Atropine |
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Atrial Tachycardia
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-more p-waves than QRS, QRS is still equal
-caused by stress, abnormal AV conduction -treated with cardioversion and beta blockers |
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Syncopy
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-dizziness from lower HR
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Normal Sinus Rhythm with Pre-Mature Atrial Contraction
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-premature atrial contraction
-Compensatory pause after premature beat to reset to a normal HR -caused by atherosclerosis, CAD, caffeine -treated by treating underlying disease |
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Atrial Flutter
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-multiple p waves before QRS with consistent R-R
-caused by valve disease or heart failure - treated by cardioversion or beta blockers |
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Atrial Fibrillation
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-irregular p waves and inconsistent R-R
-caused by valve disease, or rheumatic heart disease -treated by cardioversion, beta-blockers, and anticoagulants |
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1st Degree AV Block
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-long P-R with normal QRS
-caused by ischemia, or parasympathetic stimulation -treated with atropine or correct underlying problem |
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2nd Degree AV Block
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-progressive prolonging of P-R until no QRS
-caused by cardiac surgery or parasympathetic stimulation -treated with atropine or a pacemaker |
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3rd Degree AV Block
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-inverted QRS because stimulation originates in ventricles
-caused by valve disease or parasympathetic stimulation |
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Normal Sinus Rhythm with Bundle Branch Block
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-same as 3rd degree AV block but with a non-inverted QRS
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Unifocal Pre-Mature Ventricular Contraction
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-normal SR then a premature, inverted QRS
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Multifocal Pre-Mature Ventricular Contraction
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-normal SR but pre-mature ventricular contraction
-QRS looks different so there are multiple points sending pre-mature signals -caused by heart failure or stress -treated by antiarrhythmias or treat problem |
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Ventricular Tachycardia
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-R-R interval at a rate of 140-220
-caused by ischemia or heart failure -treated by cardioversion or an implanted defibrillator |
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Ventricular Fibrillation
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-chaotic electrical activity of ventricles
-results in cardiac arrest -caused by ischemia -treated by defibrillation |
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Ventricular Asystole
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-no electrical activity
-treated by CPR |
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Pacer with Ventricular Capture
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-inverted QRS
-caused by pacemaker |
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Peroxysmal
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-rapid onset and disappearance
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Atherosclerosis
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-underlying disease process for most CVDs
-endothelium of vessel becomes rigid and fatty deposits accumulate -develop in high pressure points |
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Thrombus vs. Embolus
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Thrombus- forms at the site of blockage
Embolus-forms somewhere else and flows to blockage site |
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Causes of Atherosclerosis
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-stress
-hypertension -diabetes -high cholesterol -floating free radicals |
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Modifiable risk factors for CVD and CAD
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-high cholesterol -obesity
-hypertension -smoking -physical inactivity -diabetes |
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Consequences for CVD
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-angina pectoris
-L Vent. Dysfunction -infarction -stokes -cognitive dysfunction |
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Coronary Artery Disease
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-atherosclerosis progressed to ischemia
-causes angina pectoris -can progress to infarction -doesn't produce symptoms until advanced obstruction |
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Non-modifiable Risk Factors for CVD and CAD
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-family history
-low socioeconomic status -low education level |
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Stroke
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-cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
-occurs when artery in brain ruptures or is occluded Two types : Ischemic and Hemorrhagic |
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Ischemic Stroke
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-occlusion
-either by Thrombus or Embolus |
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Hemorrhagic Stroke
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-more deadly and rare
Two Types : Intracerebral and Subarachnoid |
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Cerebral Thrombus
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-most common
-preceded by Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) or mini stroke which is a warning sign |
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Cerebral Embolism
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-2nd most common
-caused by previous heart problems |
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Intracerebral Hemorrhage
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-rupture of artery in brain
-hypertension |
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Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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-rupture of artery that bleeds into subarachnoid space
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Symptoms of Stroke
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-Hemiparesis- weakness on one side of the body
-Aphasia or loss of speech -Dysphagia-difficulty swallowing -Ataxia-loss of muscle control |
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Neurological Effects of a Right Side Stroke
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-paralysis of left side
-impairs vision -memory loss -quick, radical behavior style |
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Neurological Effects of a Left Side Stroke
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-paralysis of right side
-impairs speech and language -slow behavior style -memory loss |
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Diagnosis of Stroke
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-CT scan to look for hemorrhage
-MRI shows ischemic or infarction areas -EEG to check for brain activity |
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Treatment of Stroke
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-treat the risk factors like hypertension
-Alteplase- clot dissolver -Heparin-anticoagulant -rehabilitative care |
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Non-modifiable Risk Factors for CVA
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-age -prior stroke
-gender -extreme hot or cold -family/history -socioeconomic status -race |
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Disease Risk Factors for CVA
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-hypertension -TIAs
-Diabetes -high RBC count -CAD -Atrial Fibrillation |
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Modifiable Risk Factors for CVA
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-smoking -high cholesterol
-obesity -oral contraceptive -inactivity -excessive alcohol -drug use |
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Primary Secondary and Tertiary Prevention for CVAs
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Primary - target risk factors
Secondary - screen for risk and behavior assessment Tertiary - treatment after stroke |
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Nitrates
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-1st treatment for angina
-vasodilator |
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Symptoms for CAD
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-Angina
-causes nausea, faintness, and sweating -women hardly ever experience angina |
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Diagnosis for CAD
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-ECG to check for a depressed ST interval
-Stress test to bring about symptoms -Coronary Angioplasty to identify where the narrowing or occlusion is |
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Myocardial Infarction
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-tissue necrosis
-end stage of CAD |
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Consequences from Infarction
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-pump failure
-less cardiac output -irritable myocardial cells that produce lethal arrhythmias -sudden death |
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Symptoms of Infarction
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-same as CAD
-feeling of impending doom |
