Chromosomes

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Chromosomes

Back 1

Rod shaped structures made of DNA and proteins

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Histones

Back 2

Proteins in chromosomes that DNA wraps around

Front 3

What Histones do

Back 3

Help maintain the shape of the chromosome and aid in the tight packing of DNA

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Chromatid

Back 4

Each half of a chromosome

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Centromere

Back 5

Point attaching each chromatid

Front 6

DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of...

Back 6

one chromosome

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Chomatin

Back 7

Less tightly coiled DNA-protein complex

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Autosomes

Back 8

Non-sex chromosomes

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Female and Male sex chromosomes

Back 9

XX- female
XY- male

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karyotype

Back 10

picture of all the chromosomes arranged in pairs

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Diploid cells

Back 11

Cells with two sets of chromosomes

Front 12

Haploid cells

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Contain only one set of chromosomes

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Binary fission

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division of a prokaryotic cell into 2 offspring

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Mitosis

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Results in new cells with genetic material that is identical to the parent cell

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Asexual reproduction

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Offspring from one parent

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Meiosis

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Reduces the chromosome number in half in each new cell

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Gametes

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Haploid reproductive cells

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Interphase

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Time between cell division

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Cytokinesis

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Division of a cell's cytoplasm

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G1 Phase

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Offspring cells grow to a mature size

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S Phase

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DNA Synthesis

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G2 Phase

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The cell prepares for division

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G-0 Phase

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Cells exit the cycle and stay put as matured cells

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Prophase

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First stage of mitosis, DNA is coiled into chromosomes

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Metaphase

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The chromosomes are moved to the center of the dividing cell and held in place by kinetochore fibers

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Anaphase

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Chromatids separate, move toawrds opposite ends of the dividing cell.

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Telophase

Back 27

Chromatids/chromosomes return to a less coiled state due to diassembling spindle fibers. A nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes

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Spindle fibers

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microtubules that radiate from the centrosomes tom prepare for metaphase

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cleavage furrow

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area of the membrane that pinches the cell off into 2 separate cells

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cell plate

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pre-cell wall stage of plant cells

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G1 checkpoint

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If a cell is healthy proteins will allow the cell to divide

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G2 Checkpoint

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Checks DNA is replicated correctly

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Mitosis checkpoint

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If the cell passes this point, proteins signal the cell to exit mitosis

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Human gametes

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sperm+egg

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Prophase 1

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DNA coils into chromosomes, pairs up with homologue chromosomes

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Tetrad

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Each pair of homologue chromosomes

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Synapsis

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Pairing of homologue chromosomes not in mitosis

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Prophase in Meiosis

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4 chromosomes combine to form 2 tetrads

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Metaphase I

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Tetrads line up among the midline of the dividing cell

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Anaphase I

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Each homologous pair moves the opposite side of the cell

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Independant assortment

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random separation of homologous pairs

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Telophase I and Cytokinesis

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Chromosomes reach separate ends and cytokinesis begins

new cells are produced each with half as many chromosomes as before

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Prophase II Metaphase II and Anaphase II

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