Christianity In Latin America Quiz 1

Front 1

archbishop

Back 1

elevated bishop, leads diocese

Front 2

beatas

Back 2

devout women like nun but not poor, pious, took simple vows but not committed for life like a nun, troublesome when they gained power by being admired by men and women

Front 3

congregaciones (reduccinones)

Back 3

newly created communities overseen by clergy for easy evangelization

Front 4

cofradias (confraria), soldality

Back 4

groups set up by Jesuits that could help ensure that newly baptized people came to church, groups of commoners, provided for the physical well being of their members

Front 5

conventos grandes

Back 5

200-300 professed nuns, came generally from well to do families, brought luxuries with them such as slaves and servants

Front 6

calced convents

Back 6

lax in lifestyle and observance of vows

Front 7

discalced convents

Back 7

strict and austere orders that followed vows of poverty and cloister closely

Front 8

creoles, criollos

Back 8

people of European descent born in colonies

Front 9

diocese

Back 9

an administrative territorial unit administered by a bishop, overseen by seculars and province

Front 10

doctorinas

Back 10

Indian parishes overseen by regulars, planted church

Front 11

Dominicans (emphasis on education)

Back 11

Order of Preachers, founded to educate and preach, overseen by pope

Front 12

encomienda (ecomendero)

Back 12

old Spanish institution that rewards efforts of soldiers, but in Americas meant entrusted, a legal system enforced by the crown, called to treat people well and Christianize them

Front 13

Franciscans (emphasis on baptism)

Back 13

The Franciscans (St Francis) had a zeal for evangelism because they believed the second coming was near, because the quick deaths of the indigenous. They baptized in hopes of saving as many as possible. Thousands! 1.2 million took sacraments!

Front 14

Inquisition

Back 14

goals= to get purity of religion and political unity

Front 15

Jesuits (mostly South America/Brazil)

Back 15

society of Jesus, simple living, regular, Roman Catholic, ministries

Front 16

mendicant orders (friars)

Back 16

religious orders about charity. friars do not own property, have taken a vow of poverty, focus all their time and energy on religious work.

Front 17

metropolitan bishop

Back 17

the diocesan bishop or archbishop of a metropolis, the chief city of a historical Roman province, ecclesiastical province, or regional capital

Front 18

nuns of the black veil

Back 18

only fully professed nuns, taking all vows, coming from elite families and bringing large dowries with them

Front 19

nuns of the white veil

Back 19

bring smaller dowries, come from families of lower social status, "lay sisters", do domestic work in the convents

Front 20

patronato real real (padroado real)

Back 20

pope agreement for royal oversight, gave the crown the right to choose ecclesiastical posts, priests and bishops.

Front 21

penance

Back 21

repentance of sins

Front 22

peninsulares

Back 22

men born in Europe who tend to have strong ties to Europe

Front 23

reconquest (reconquista)

Back 23

the myth that ever since the Moors invaded the Peninsula, God entrusted them to defend the Catholic faith, including exploring, invading, and exploiting the New World

Front 24

regulars

Back 24

people who take vows to follow rules, regulars were preferred over secular because regulars follow rules and seculars tended to be less trust worthy and greedy. couldn't do marriages

Front 25

Requerimiento (1514)

Back 25

a declaration read aloud in Spanish without a translator to Indians before they were attacked explaining that the Spanish had rights in the New World and the obligation of the natives to submit

Front 26

Debate at Valladolid (1550)

Back 26

concerned the treatment of natives of the New World. Held in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it opposed two main attitudes towards the conquests of the Americas. Dominican friar and Bishop of Chiapas Bartolomé de las Casas argued that the Amerindians were free men in the natural order and deserved the same treatment as others, according to Catholic theology.[1] Opposing him was fellow Dominican Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, who insisted the Indians were natural slaves, and therefore reducing them to slavery or serfdom was in accordance with Catholic theology and natural law.

Front 27

suffragan bishop

Back 27

a bishop subordinate to a metropolitan bishop or diocesan bishop, bishop who is a full-time assistant to a diocesan bishop

Front 28

see

Back 28

any city that has a bishop

Front 29

seculars

Back 29

men who are ordained and serve regular people

Front 30

Santaria

Back 30

blending of African and Catholic religions in the Caribbean

Front 31

sacramentals

Back 31

material objects or things set apart or blessed by the Roman Catholic Church to excite good thoughts and to increase devotion, and through these movements of the heart to remit venial sin

Front 32

sacraments

Back 32

a religious symbol or often a rite a tangible symbol which represents an intangible reality. As defined above, an example would be baptism in water, representing the grace of the gift of the Holy Spirit

Front 33

inter caetera

Back 33

granted to Spain all lands to the "west and south" of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands

Front 34

Law of Burgos

Back 34

set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in America, particularly with regards to native Indians. It enumerated a number of laws for the government of the indigenous peoples of the recently discovered New World. They forbade the maltreatment of natives, and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism.

Front 35

Omnimoda

Back 35

allowed the mendicant orders to have ecclesiastical power in the new world

Front 36

Ordenanza del Patronazgo

Back 36

ordinance calling for the secularization of the mendicants in the Indies

Front 37

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) redivided world

Back 37

divided the "newly discovered" lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal, meant to resolve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus

Front 38

Jose de Acosta (conversion by coercion)

Back 38

Jesuit who published books about converting the Amerindians

Front 39

Toribio Alfonso de Mongrivejo

Back 39

"kind archbishop", called the third Council of Lima into session, concerned with issues of making indigenous Christians abide with principles (example: marriage)

Front 40

Emperor Charles V

Back 40

under his reign territories in New Spain were considerably extended by conquistadors who caused the Aztec and Inca empires to fall in little more than a decade.

Front 41

Antonio de Montesinos (dominican) pro-Indian

Back 41

Dominican/Haiti friar, first member of clergy to publicly denounce all forms of slavery and oppression toward the indigenous americans

Front 42

Pedro Claver (kindly baptizer of slaves)

Back 42

a Jesuit who became the patron saint of slaves, of Colombia and of African Americans, said to have baptized and instructed in the Faith more than 300,000 of the Africans brought to the Americas

Front 43

Francisco Pizarro (Peru conquistador)

Back 43

conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru

Front 44

Herman Cortes (Mexico conquistador)

Back 44

led expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire and brought large portions of Mexico under the King of Castile, was part of the first phase of colonization in Americas

Front 45

San Martin de Porres

Back 45

tireless work on behalf of the poor, establishing an orphanage and children's hospital, maintained an austere lifestyle, which included fasting and abstaining from meat, devoted to prayer was notable even by the pious standards of the age.

Front 46

Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz (feminist, kind of)

Back 46

a self-taught Novohispana scholar, nun, poet, and a writer of the Baroque school. She is generally considered to be a Mexican writer, or a precursor to Mexican literature.

Front 47

Maria de San Jose (extreme asceticism)

Back 47

CRAZY conversion story, Augustinian nun, mystic, novice mistress in Mexican convent, sought to be worthy of the love of God (festering wounds..)

Front 48

Bartolome de Las Casas (pro-Indian)

Back 48

Spanish Dominican priest, and the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, was driven to oppose the torture and genocide of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists

Front 49

Juan Gines de Seplilveda

Back 49

Spanish Dominican, philosopher and theologian, adversary of Bartolomé de las Casas in the Valladolid Controversy in 1550, defender of the Spanish Empire's right of conquest, colonization and evangelization in the so-called New World. "natural law"

Front 50

Juan Diego (Virgin of Guadalupe)

Back 50

an indigenous Mexican who saw Mary, Our Lady of Guadalupe, in 1531, had a significant impact on the spread of the Catholic faith within Mexico. The Roman Catholic Church canonized him in 2002, as its first indigenous American saint.

Front 51

Ursula de Jesus (Afro-Peruvian mystic)

Back 51

rose out of slavery who became a donada (a non-slave religious servant) in the Roman Catholic Church, she was known for her mystical visions and claims of communicating with the souls of those who dies and went to purgatory

Front 52

Our Lady Aparecida

Back 52

patron saint of Brazil, represented by a statue of the Virgin Mary located in the Basilica of Aparecida, in the city of Aparecida

Front 53

Francisco de Vitoria (Indians like children)

Back 53

believed Indians to be fully human, not a subspecies; to understand why civilized people were acting as uncivilized peoples, he decided they were like children who had potential to be morally sound and good under the right instruction

Front 54

Santa Rosa de Lima

Back 54

one of the most influential beatas, very beautiful, refused to wed, devoted, penance for beauty by hiding it, also wore crown of nails for pain

Front 55

Carolina Maria de Jesus de Sao Paulo

Back 55

a Brazilian peasant who lived most of her life in the favela (slums) of São Paulo, Brazil. She is best known for her diary, which was published as Child of the Dark in 1960 after coming to the attention of a Brazilian journalist. This work remains the only document published in English by a Brazilian slum-dweller from that period

Front 56

Eusebio Francisco Kino

Back 56

known for his exploration of the region and for his work to Christianize the indigenous Native American population, he proved that Baja California is not an island by leading an overland expedition there from Arizona; He established twenty-four missions and visitas ("country chapels") and was known for his ability to create relationships between indigenous peoples and the religious institutions he represented.

Front 57

James Thomson

Back 57

Scottish protestant missionary who ordered copies of the bible in Portuguese and Spanish to help evangelize

Front 58

Junipero Serra

Back 58

traveled to the New World to christainize, administrator in a Franciscan college, "the father of California"

Front 59

Teresa Urrea

Back 59

born of wealthy landowner and Indian, healer, Indians followed her in her religious and political beliefs, believed in egalitarian social order

Front 60

Zumbi

Back 60

captured in a Brazilian raid as a baby, baptized, became chief of quilombo, still friends with priest who raised him

Front 61

Bourbon Spain

Back 61

needed control over the church to get money. pope owns 1/3 of land and is a political leader as well as a religious leader. needed to control Jesuits who controlled 1/3 of land in Americas

Front 62

French Revolution

Back 62

brought about great change, Latin America wanted to rid itself of tyrants once they saw what was happening in France

Front 63

Expulsion of the Jesuits (1767)

Back 63

Jesuits owned 1/3 of the land in the Americas and the Spanish and Portuguese got greedy

Front 64

Suppression of Jesuits (1773-1823)

Back 64

state took control of Jesuit educational institutions and destroyed much of their books and materials. Over 200 members of the order fled to Russia while over 20,000 others scattered throughout the world

Front 65

Waldensians in Uruguay and Argentina

Back 65

Peter Waldo followers (Lutheran, Reformed, and Mennonites) who refused to obey papal order to stop preaching, the group expanded, when there was a famine in France, the Waldensians were sent to Uruguay and Argentina. approximately 40 congregations and 15,000 members shared between Uruguay and Argentina

Front 66

German Lutherans in Brazil

Back 66

First big wave of Germans, used for cheap labor, Germans executed Indians who were seen as subhuman and violent towards the Germans

Front 67

Mennonites in Paraguay

Back 67

last major wave of Protestants, eventually pushed out of Canada during WWI and moved to Paraguay to populate the area

Front 68

Episcopalians in Mexico (Iglesia Mexicana)

Back 68

founded by two ex-Catholic priests, numbers were low, eventually joined with Episcopal Church

Front 69

Bible Societies and "Lancasterian method" of teaching

Back 69

Thomson (head of one of the Bible Societies) lead first Protestant service in Argentina; teaching method: large groups of children recited the teachers' words, word for word in unison

Front 70

Central American Mission

Back 70

radical dispensationalist movement organized in Texas in 1890 by Congregationalist pastor Cyrus Scofield. Mostly Protestant