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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kingdom of God
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a symbol in Jewish apocalyptic teaching of a radically new age, in which people would live in harmony with God and with one another
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Asceticism
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Asceticism is the renunciation of physical pleasures and the practice of other forms of self-denial.
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First hermits lived alone in the Egyptian desert in
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the third century CE
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Benedict of Nursia 6th century CE
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The most significant form of monasticism for Western Christianity was that established by Benedict of Nursia (c. 480-550) at Monte Cassino in northern Italy.
Benedict called for moderation in ascetic practice, economic self-sufficiency, communal and private devotional reading (monks should read the entire group of 150 psalms each week) and contemplation, manual labor in the fields and gardens, manuscript copying, all as a means of spiritual growth. |
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Council of Nicea
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In 325, Constantine convened the Council of Nicea. The emphasis of this council was on the Divinity of Christ. Arius, a priest from Alexandria (Egypt), argued that Christ was a created being of lower quality. Christ was made like other creatures out of nothing, so he could not be eternal. Neither could Christ be of the same substance as God. Christ, according to Arius, was separate from and inferior to God the Father. Christ had a beginning whereas God, who is eternally one, was without a beginning.
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Council of Constantinople
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The belief in the Trinity as we know it was reaffirmed and finalized at the Council of Constantinople in 381, under the reign of Theodosius. This doctrine asserted that God is one essence (or substance) but three persons. Understand by three persons, three individualized manifestations of the Divinity. These three manifestations of the divine explained God’s three main activities: creation, redemption, and revelation.
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Council of Chalcedon
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The Council of Chalcedon in 451 emphasized the humanity of Jesus. It affirmed that Christ was fully God and fully human. Jesus had a human body and a human mind. He was fully and completely human with a birth and a death like all others. Jesus’ humanity differed from that of others in only one way – he was without sin. And yet the paradox is that in this man Jesus, God was wholly present, without confusion and mixture. The formula arrived at to express this was that there were TWO NATURES (divine and human) united yet completely distinct in the person of Jesus.
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Three main branches of Christianity?
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Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant
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Great Schism
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1054CE
One of the deepest schisms occurred in 1054, when the Roman Catholic Church in the West, and the Eastern Orthodox Church split apart. |
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Causes of Great Schism:
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Government and Church existed as one in East, but not in West.
The West spoke Latin, the East Greek. |
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Reformation
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16th Century
This rift first occurred in Germany, France, and Switzerland; then in England and Scotland. The leader of this rift was the German Martin Luther (1483-1546). |
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Causes for Reformation:
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-Corrupt Church.
-Luther was against buying salvation. -Growth of middle class -Invention of printing and movable type. -Luther taught that priests and monks were no holier than anyone else, that anyone could service God in their work. |
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Luther Believed:
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–Christ Alone could earn salvation.
–All believers were as holy as priests –Scripture should be able to be interpreted by all. -Translated Bible to German. |
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John Calvin
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encouraged the removal of all statues and pictures from the churches and the adoption of a style of congregational singing that had no organ accompaniment. The focus of the Calvinist service was on the sermon in vernacular language. Eucharistic ceremonies were practiced monthly.
Among Calvinist believers were the Puritans who emigrated to New England and the Huguenots (French Protestants) who were forced out of France in 1685 and settled in several areas of North America. Calvinism was important in Scotland, Holland, England, and Switzerland. The Presbyterian Church is the best-known descendant of Calvinism. |
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Anglicans
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King Henry VIII of England (sixteenth century) was outraged when the pope declined to grant him a divorce. He separated the Church of England from the authority of the pope. The monarch of England became the head of the church in so far as the Law of Christ allowed. Services of worship had a Catholic form, and the episcopal structure remained in place. The services were conducted in English. The Episcopalians in the United States are part of the Anglican communion.
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Anabaptists
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(meaning baptize again) was a Swiss movement that developed in the sixteenth century. They practiced adult believers’ baptism. They stressed the need for believers to be baptized as a sign of their inner conversion – even if they had been baptized as children. Their worship was simple. They rejected government involvement, believed in the complete separation of church and state, refused to take oaths, hold political office, and for the most part preached non-violence. They followed a strict sort of democracy in which all believers were considered equal. The Lord’s supper was interpreted as a remembrance, a meal of fellowship celebrated in the evening in private houses according to Jesus’s example. From this general movement arose several Mennonite and Amish sects, some communities of which maintain a simple, agricultural lifestyle without the use of cars or electricity.
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Baptists (seventeenth century, England)
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the Baptists, a denomination that began in England, have grown up as a major force in the United States. Baptists espouse some of the Anabaptist principles, including the need for inner conversion, baptism of adults only, simplicity in ritual, independence of personal judgment, and freedom from government control. However most Baptists are not pacifists.
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Society of Friends (Quakers, seventeenth century, England, George Fox)
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(popularly known as Quakers) was founded by George Fox (1624-1691) in England. Those who came to the United states settled primarily in Pennsylvania. Quakers are ardent pacifists; they have no clergy; and they originated a type of church service conducted largely in silence and without ritual.
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Pentecostals (US, late nineteenth century)
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the Pentecostal movement began in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth centuries in the United States. It emphasizes the legitimate place of emotion in Christian worship. At such services one might encounter ‘speaking in tongues’ (glossolalia), crying, fainting and other forms of emotional response, which are thought of as gifts brought by the presence of the Holy Spirit.
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Fundamentalism
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More than 60 million persons identify themselves as belonging to a Fundamentalist Christian church or worldview. Fundamentalism is not a specific branch of Christianity. Christian fundamentalists are more visible in the Protestant churches.
For the Fundamentalists, if there was a conflict between the scriptures and modern science then it must be modern science, not the Bible, that was in error. In a series of twelve paperback books entitled “The Fundamentals,” published between 1910 and 1915, various champions of the fundamentalist movement spoke in defense of Bible-based religion and against modernism. They took a stand on the inerrancy of the Bible (the Bible is without error), and succeeded in banning the teaching of evolution in many public schools in the South. |
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Vatican Council II in 1960-1962
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In 1960-1962, the pope renewed the religious life of Catholics. Pope John XXIII (1881-1963) convened a new council of bishops in 1960 – the Second Vatican Council. This council made the following important changes:
- to decentralize the church governance. It promoted collegiality – that is, it gave responsibility and power to the bishops at the expense of the Vatican bureaucracy) - to use the living languages of the people instead of Latin in ordinary church services - to endorse the value of other major religions and dialogue with Christian groups - to consult with lay people in matters of religious affairs - to permit modern approaches to understand the Bible - to simplify the decorations of church buildings |
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Seven Sacraments (COMEBEC):
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Baptism, Eucharist, Confirmation (Chrismation), Confession, Marriage, Ordination, Extreme Unction
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Holy week (the week before Easter)
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- The Holy Week is the week before Easter (Spring). During this week, the stories of Jesus’ trial and death are recalled.
* Palm Sunday is celebrated on the Sunday before Easter. It recalls Jesus’ entry into Jerusalem and the acclaim he received in the form of people waving palm and olive branches. * Maundy Thursday before Easter recalls the last Supper. * The Friday before Easter (Good Friday) recalls his death * On Easter Sunday, the mourning of Jesus ends with the shouts of “Christ is risen!” Easter Sunday celebrates the stories of the resurrection. - The Easter season is followed by Pentecost, the final season of the church year. The Pentecost recalls the descent of the Holy spirit upon the apostles and the birth and growth of the church. |
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Church Year
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- The church year began with Advent, whose stories evoked the second coming of Christ. Advent means “approach” in Latin. It is the month preceding Christmas. It is a time of joyous anticipation.
- Then Christmas and Epiphany were developed as festival seasons to celebrate the stories of the birth of Jesus and the visits of the wise men from the east and the baptism of Jesus. - The season of Christmas/Epiphany is followed by that of Lent. Lent is a time of fasting and prayer in preparation for Easter. Its stories recalled the temptations, healings, and teachings of Jesus. Lent culminated in Holy Week. |
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Eucharist
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Communion
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Confirmation
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When children who were baptized as Children accept Christ at around age 13.
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Ordination
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Priests were ordained by bishops, to assist them in representing Christ in every worshiping community. Their hands were anointed with oil as an expression of their sacred role in conferring the grace of God upon Christians through the administration of the sacraments. Ordination was not available to women, all apostles being male.
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Extreme Unction
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(or anointing with oil) in times of serious illness or before death
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