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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Koine Greek
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common Greek, New Testament is written in this…because it’s written for common folk, so it can be understood
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Septuagint (LXX – “Seventy”)
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Jews had adopted the language of Koine Greek for everyday interactions…language such as Hebrew / Aramaic, which were native to Hebrew people, were falling out of use so they translated into Koine Greek so it could be understood by new generations…completely different cultural situation which is being adopted through this translation
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Vulgate
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translation of the Christian Bible from Greek into Latin by linguist Jerome
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Jesus
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born ~4 BCE, lived in Nazareth; Christians believe as the promised Messiah; Gospels emphasize Jesus as Messiah; ~29CE crucified by Romans
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• Christ / Messiah
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Greek / Hebrew terms for “anointed one”
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• Kingdom of God (Mt.: Kingdom of Heaven)
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reestablishment of God’s rule, inaugurated by Jesus…restoration of rule and daily bodily needs of human life
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• Sadducees (Huston Smith, 321)
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Jewish leaders, especially priests, decided should coop with Romans
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• Pharisees (Huston Smith, 321
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more strict in application of Jewish law…more orthodox; attempt to reform Jewish community, which had swayed by Roman culture, towards observance of the Jewish law
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• Essenes (Huston Smith, 321
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separated themselves from the Jewish society and setup at edges of dead sea; idea of the end of time was also slightly different – Messiah will come into world and lift them out of it; dead sea scroll
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• Zealots (Huston Smith, 321)
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sort of like Pharisees (want to reestablish) but they took up arms…small military bands to attack Romans
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• Gospel
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“good news” that Messiah has come – life of Jesus; 4 Gospels (M M L J)
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• Messianic Secret
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others (~7) of the time claimed to be Messiah…but they often were of a political nature; Jesus was of a spiritual nature…ie transformation of your heart / life…not the political agenda/world; all emphasized with Jesus’ death/resurrection
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• Synoptic Gospels
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: “on sight” ; all written shortly before /around the (3rd) temple / wailing wall … first 3 gospels (Mathew, Mark, Luke) – attempts to outline Jesus’ life
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• Gospel of John
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~110 CE, ~80yrs after Jesus; explicit theological interpretation of Jesus; first hint of Jesus’ relation to god the father…ie not only a Messiah…but also as god the son…the same way as god the father…
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• The Incarnation
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god (the person in the son) in form of human…but actually becomes a human
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• The Atonement
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foundational document of Christians…humans continuously sin / miss the mark; because of this, Jesus is believed to have taken on judgment of all human sin, because no one else could take on the punishment of god – god as 3 persons but still one in the same (the Trinity)
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• Resurrection
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3 days after crucifixion; this was confirming of atonement and Jesus as the Messiah…point is this had people believe in the good news “gospel”
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• Book of Acts
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The one history book in the New Testament: Acts of the Apostles…especially Peter & Paul (latter a missionary)
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• Ascension
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Jesus rises from the grave after 3 days, spends 40 days walking and talking with followers and then ascends to heaven
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• Pentecost
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story of the immediate experience of the apostles after Jesus’ resurrection and ascension – said they were praying in temple and the holy spirit descends on them and they go out and preach…the spirit had empowered them to speak in languages they don’t know; to establish the Church; 5000 were said to be converted on the spot
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• Holy Spirit
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this is the person of god that is believed to be present with the church presently...
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• Saul/Paul
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Pharisee converted while travelling to Damascus/Syria to persecute Christians…experience with Jesus who said “why are you persecuting me?” … converts…goes on missionary journeys; Paul is also responsible for why Christianity becomes more than a Jewish particularity / sect
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• Pauline epistles or letters
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~11 that are attributed to Paul, letters to churches Paul visited, in which he addresses their issues
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• Imago Dei
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image of god – something every human bears, what makes you loved by god, and a human dignity that distinguish humans from animals
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• Peter
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means “rock” – Pope as successor of Peter – “upon this rock I shall build my Church”…Peter had a leader role (primary apostle) in the Jerusalem Church and was crucified in Rome under Nero
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• Fish (Ichthus)
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where local Christians lived by city…Greek for “fish” was an acronym referring to phrase about god-Jesus…because early Christians were persecuted
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• Liturgy
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every Sunday worship service pattern – “work of the people” work of worship
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• Ecclesia
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Greek term meaning “assembly” later taken over by Christians to mean their church gatherings
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• Constantine
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Roman emperor 4CE; Christians persecuted harshly prior to Constantine, who eventually converted to Christianity. Constantine was facing a losing battle at the time and had a dream where he won the battle using a shield with a cross on it
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• Edict of Milan
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Constantine declared Christians should be tolerated within the Roman Empire
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• Ecumenical Councils
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total of 7; all before 8 (AD ?); usually highest rank leader says need to gather to clarify things and debunk heretical teachings damaging the faith, to maintain faith
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• Council of Nicaea (325 CE)
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first Ecumenical Council called by Constantine which makes explicit the doctrine of Trinity
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• Athanasius of Alexandria (369 CE
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this council draws off the list of books that do and don’t belong to Christianity…this council starts people thinking about this
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• Council of Constantinople (381 CE)
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reissues version of Nicaean creed to reaffirm the Trinity wasn’t 3 modes but 3 different people in 1 god
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• Council of Ephesus (431 CE)
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confirms Mary is the mother of god; to confirm doctrine of incarnation
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• Council of Chalcedon (451 CE):
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affirmed the doctrine of incarnation which says Jesus had two natures…divine and human…both found in the same person…united by the person of Jesus
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• Mary
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mother of Jesus that conceived Jesus while she is still a virgin, conceived by the Holy Spirit
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o Theotokos
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Theo” meaning god and “tokos” meaning mother of
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• Priesthood (Presbyterate)
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these are the people who have authority to distribute bread/wine as in the Last Supper; so then what can Priests do? Roman Catholics mandate celibacy, not Eastern Orthodox / Anglican
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• Episcopate
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highest order of church government – the Bishops, who are empowered to ordain Priests
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• Priestly Celibacy
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Bishops ought to be celibate because of their increased responsibility…both of the major Church denominations agree with this
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• Augustine of Hippo
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the first person to give thorough account of the original sin; talked about how it seemed people always seem to be missing the mark, it means humans are sinful by nature – the original sin
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• The Great Schism
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~10th Century, Church not unified anymore; difference in political, theological, practice opinions start to become apparent; yr 1054 rupture, condemn one another (Roman Catholic – Latin West & Eastern Orthodox – Greek East)
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• Roman Catholicism
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largest denomination; governed under Pope (who is considered as infallible…speaks as god speaks)
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• Eastern Orthodoxy
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ie Russian, Greek, Ukranian, etc…arcbishops with spiritual authority for their jurisdiction
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• Sacrifice of the Mass
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wine/bread as blood/body “in remembrance” of Jesus; peculiar to Roman Catholics…priest understood as crucifying Jesus (this view is rejected by Protestants that only believe it is an act of remembrance, not crucifixion)
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o Transubstantiation
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Thomas Aquinos – developed theology to explain in Aristotalian philosophical categories (ie ancient Greeks) how mass is actually crucifixion (as believed by Roman Catholics) in which there is a changing of the essence of worldly items
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• Purgatory
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this notion is offered sort of as a reconciliation to hell…for say those who haven’t confessed sins (which is required for it to be considered paid for by Jesus’ sacrifice)…you perform penance / do time for your sins before going to heaven
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• Indulgences
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payments for lingering sins for since by paying to the church…
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• Martin Luther
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Protestant Reformation (Lutheran Churches) - Believed there was something wrong with the indulgences payment system because religion isn’t about observing the outward but rather your attitudes in actions (indulgence system took on the attitude of buying one’s way into heaven) → this was the theology suggested by Luther; also proclaimed that clergy was extremely immoral and he rejected the Catholic Doctrine of Mass (ie Sacrifice of the Mass)
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o 95 Theses
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famous document that had 95 condemnations towards the Church…the Pope called a council and condemned Martin Luther
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o Total Depravity
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nothing human beings can do to earn God’s favor – implication: by nature, humans are rebellious to God’s law (I think this refers to Original Sin)…he also started trend away from the confession booth which is used as a means to be absolved of sins (believed it was useless similar in fashion to indulgences)
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o Justification by Faith
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another doctrine/idea that says salvation is available only to someone who puts complete faith / trust in god…someone oriented towards a completely inward experience which says you can’t do anything exterior/worldly (such as confessions or indulgences)
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• John Calvin
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second generation of European reforms - - founder of the Reformed Churches: Holland, Switzerland, USA
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o Predestination
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god has created some people to save and some people to condemn to hell and no one can do anything to change this
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o TULIP
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acronym developed by the Dutch – main points of Calvinism: (T)otal Depravity, (U)nconditioned Election (ie predestination), (L)imited Atonement (not all saved, only select few), (I)rresistable Grace (person elected for salvation will gear towards god, irresistably), (P)erseverance of the Saints (the elected people will not let go of faith to day of death)
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• Anglicanism
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: King Henry VIII who wanted to divorce his wife (so he could have a male heir), which the Pope would not grant…kicked all monks/nuns out of land once he revoked Roman Catholic; established a combo of Roman Catholic worship styles and theology like John Calvin
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o Henry VIII
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at the beginning of the 16th century who wanted to divorce his wife
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o Thomas Cramner
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what Luther is to Lutheranism, Calvin to Calvinism...Cramner is to Anglicanism … author of Anglican book of Common Prayer - the common theological and liturgical service of Anglicanism…written in the middle of the 16th century
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