Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
thinking
|
processing of info. to solve problems and make judgements and descisions
|
|
|
well-defined problem
|
problem w/ clear specifications of the start state, goal state, and the processes for reaching the goal state
|
|
|
ill-defined problem
|
problem lacking clear specification of either the start state, goal state, or the processes for reaching the goal state
|
|
|
fixation
|
inability to create a new interpretation of a problem
|
|
|
functional fixedness
|
inability to see that an object can have a function other than its typical one in solving a problem
|
|
|
mental set
|
tendency to use previously successful problem-solving strategies w/o considering others that are more appropriate for the current problem
|
|
|
insight
|
a new way to interpret a problem that immediately yeilds the solution
|
|
|
algorithm
|
a step-by-step problem-solving procedure that guarantees a correct answer to a problem
|
|
|
heuristic
|
problem-solving strategy that seems reasonable given past experience w/ solving problems, especially similiar problems, but does not guarantee a correct answer to a problem
|
|
|
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
|
heuristic for estimation problems in which one uses his/her initial estimate as an anchor estimate and then adjusts the anchor up or down (often insufficiently)
|
|
|
working backward heuristic
|
problem-solving heuristic in which one attempts to solve a problem by working from the goal state back to the start state
|
|
|
means-end analysis heuristic
|
problem-solving heuristic in which the distance to the goal state is decreased systematically by breaking the problem down into subgoals and achieving these subgoals
|
|
|
representativeness heuristic
|
heuristic for judging the probability of membership in a category by how well an object resembles (is representative of) that category (the more reprentative, the more probable).
|
|
|
conjunction fallacy
|
incorrectly judging the overlap of two uncertain events to be more probable than either of the two events
|
|
|
gambler's fallcacy
|
incorrectly beleiving that a chance process is self-correcting in that an event that has not occured for a while is more likely to occur
|
|
|
availability heurisitc
|
heuristic for judging the probability of an event by how available examples of the event are in memory (the more available, the more probable)
|
|
|
confirmation bias
|
tendency to seek evidence that confirms one's belief
|
|
|
illusory correlation
|
erroneous belief that two variables are related when they actually are not
|
|
|
belief perseverance
|
tendency to cling to one's beliefs in the face of contadictory evidence
|
|
|
person-who reasoning
|
questioning a well-established research finding because one knows a person who violates the finding
|
|
|
intelligence quotient(IQ)
|
(mental age/chronological age) x 100
|
|
|
standardization
|
the process that allows test scores to be interpreted by providing test norms
|
|
|
deviation IQ score
|
100 plus or minus (15 x the # of standard deviations the person is from the raw score mean for their standardization group)
|
|
|
reliablility
|
the extent to which the scores for a test are consistent.
|
|
|
validity
|
the extent to which a test meas. what it is supposed to meas. or predicts what it is supposed to predict.
|
|
|
factor analysis
|
a statistical technique that identifies clusters of test items that meas. the same ability (factor).
|
|
|
heritability
|
an index of the degree that variation of a trait w/in a given pop. is due to heredity.
|
|
|
reaction range
|
the genetically determined limits for an indiv.'s intelligence.
|
|
|
Flynn Effect
|
the finding that the average intelligence test score in the U.S. and other industrialized nations has improved steadily over the last century.
|
