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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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carelessness / misuse usually leads to pesticide accidents.
since this stuff is designed to be toxic to targets, what? |
the chemicals can also be quite variable in hazards to humans.
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what is toxicity?
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toxicity = measure of capacity of a pesticide to cause injury. its the property of the chemical itself! its concentration, formulation.
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what is a hazard
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hazard is the risk
the potential for injury degree of danger so toxicity of a pesticide is a function of the pesticide itself. |
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regardless wheither the pesiticide is inorganic,sythetic,organic,botanical,microbial, what?
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has no bearing on how toxic it is to humans or nontarget organisms.
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so we have to assess the hazard w/ a pesticide. what does the hazard depend on?
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toxicity of pesticide
chance of exposure to harmful amts of it |
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people use toxicity and hazard together. but there is a difference. EX. gasoline is extrememly toxic as hell but?
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people mess w/ gas every day all over the world and don't get sick. WHY? the hazard is low because the way it comes out of the pump. Aspirin, on the other hand, isn't toxic BUT can make a baby sick SO its the hazard to exposure is the theme, exposure to hazard
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so we need to minimize hazards. so we must read the label carefully and follow instructions. so its the attitude of the user. what else?
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applicators must realize their legal and moral obligations using pesticides.
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Exposure is ?
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Exposure is lecture how pesticides get into the body.
there are 4 routes: mouth lungs eyes skin |
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most exposure situations are skin. 97 % of exposure is skin. splash, spill, drift, mixing, loading, applying, disposing of pesticides. what about it?
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if a very small amt is allowed to stay on skin and is absorbed, your poisoned. different parts of the body vary in ability to absorb pesoticides. scroal absorbes the fastest.
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what on the body absorbs faster than scrotal areas?
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cuts
abrasions skin rashes all this enhance absorption |
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what absorbs faster on skin
wettable powders,dusts,granular OR oil or solvent based? |
oil and solvent based absorbs faster.
So emulsifiable concentrates (a solvent) is readily absorbed. |
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if wettable powders,dusts, and granulars are safer than liquids, whats dangous about it?
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breathing it into your lungs
another route into the body once breathed, poison gets into system fast. it can damage the nose, throat,lung tissue. So inhalation is the fastest route of entry into the body! |
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what act makes oral poisoning happen using pesticides?
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taking a pesticide from one container to unlabeled container presents oral route hazards! so children are the most common oral victoms.
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so moving pesticide from labeled to non labeled containers causes oral poisoning. what else causes oral poisoning?
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splashes of liquid concentrate during mixing or cleaning. LEAVE the mouth shut doing this work! Licking lips, drinking, smoking siphoning a pesticide all cause this. The GI rapidly absorbs COMPLETELY pestiicides so wash hands & face before eating drinking smoking
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absorption through eyes can be terrible. esp hazardous. they absorb LOTS and FAST! so ?
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so protect your eyes from a splash or spill and don't rub them with gloves or clothing
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there is the lecture about toxicity and health effects of pesticides.
Toxicity is estimated how? |
subjecting animals to tests w/ different dosages of active ingredients.
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so there is acute toxicity, what is that?
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acute toxicity on a single dosage of a pesticide is at least 3 methods:
dermal inhalation oral |
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harm from single exposure by any route of entry is called?
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the acute effects.
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acute effect is expressed how?
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LD
50 this means lethal dosage 50 and LC 50 this means lethal concentration 50 this is the amt or concentration of toxicant needed to kill 50% a test population |
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LD or lethal dose
LC or lethal concentration how is LD measured? |
LD is measured by milligrams per kilogram or mg/kg
LC is measured by milligrams per VOLUME of air or water PPM |
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what is the size of one ppm?
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1 ppm = 1 inch in 16 miles
1 minute in 2 years 1 tablespoon in 4,000 gallons |
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so LD and LC values are uselfull comparing toxicity of different active ingredients as well as different formulations of the same active ingredient. so the lower the LD value what?
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the less it takes to kill 50% of the population. so far so good. Therefore ...
the greater the acute toxicity of the chemical. See the lower the LD means it takes less of it to kill, right? |
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Pesticides with a high LD value is/are what?
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considered least acutely toxic to humans because it takes MORE of it
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some pesiticides produce toxic effects due to ...
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corrosive burns OR eye damage.
no lethal but very damaging. these need to be used w/ extra care. |
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so acute toxicity and acute effects are the bases for what?
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selecting the appropiate signal word used on a label.
So the toxic category is matched w/ basis of highest toxicity wheither its oral, skin, inhal, eyes, or external injury to skin |
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what is the size of one ppm?
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1 ppm = 1 inch in 16 miles
1 minute in 2 years 1 tablespoon in 4,000 gallons |
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so LD and LC values are uselfull comparing toxicity of different active ingredients as well as different formulations of the same active ingredient. so the lower the LD value what?
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the less it takes to kill 50% of the population. so far so good. Therefore ...
the greater the acute toxicity of the chemical. See the lower the LD means it takes less of it to kill, right? |
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Pesticides with a high LD value is/are what?
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considered least acutely toxic to humans because it takes MORE of it
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some pesiticides produce toxic effects due to ...
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corrosive burns OR eye damage.
no lethal but very damaging. these need to be used w/ extra care. |
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so acute toxicity and acute effects are the bases for what?
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selecting the appropiate signal word used on a label.
So the toxic category is matched w/ basis of highest toxicity wheither its oral, skin, inhal, eyes, or external injury to skin |
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the signal word Danger-poison would have higher or lower LD than a warning?
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Danger-poison signal would have a lower LD than a warning LD would. because it takes less of it to kill!
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so a danger-poison is
Highly Toxic w/ a oral LD50 b/t 0-50 so a few drops to 1 teaspoon is highly toxic. A warning is less and the least toxic is what signal word? |
caution
this could mean 1 ounce or 1 pint or pound is highly toxic meaning over 500 LD50. |
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So in RED LETTERS
DANGER or POISON skull and crossbones means |
highly toxic
this would have a LD50 value from trace to 50 mg/kg. as little of a few drops taken orally can be fatal to a 150 lbs man! |
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what if a product says DANGER but has no skull and crossbones?
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possible skin irritant or eye effects more severe than actute toxicity LD50. so it is dangerous but not lethal but extememly bad for eyes etc
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Warning / Caution signal words
moderately toxic must say WARNING or AVISO. what is the acute oral LD50 value range here? |
50 - 500 mg/kg. From 1 teaspoon to 1 ounce kills a man. thats 1 teaspoon to 1 tablespoon.
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There is a signal word Slightly Toxic it must have with it the word __________
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caution. Acute oral LD50 value geater than 500mg/kg
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Now Chronic toxicity
this value is determined by subjecting test animals to long term exposure of an acute ingredient. So what? |
harmful effects that occur from small doses repeated over period of time is termed chronic effects. its from long term exposure to the active ingredients.
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some EX of chronic exposure effects are
birth defects toxicity to fetus tumors genetic changes blood disorders nerve disorders reproductive disorders |
chronic tocicity of a pesticide is difficult to determine in a lab than acute for the obvious.
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whats the most serious pesiticide poisoning from?
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exposure to the nervous system, nervous system poisons. Organophosphates and Carbamate insecticides affect nervous system. so we need to be able to recognize the symptoms.
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what are early nervous system syptoms?
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tired
headaches giddiness sweating dizziness cramps nausea vomiting diahrria |
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moderate symptoms are exposure to Organophosphates and Carbamate insecitices include?
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numbness
change in heart rate muscle weakness hard breathing walking pinpoint pupils excessive salvia increase in severity of early symptoms |
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what happens in advanced poisoning?
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convulsions
coma death |
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Dermal or Eye Effect lecture
topical effects of poisoning can be a result from chemical in a pesiticide or what? |
an allergic response by the victim. Dermatitis is commom w/ pesticide exposure, a skin allergic. From red skin to blisters or rash. Some people are allergic to pesiticides. Look for this.
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So we must look for these things in ourselves and employees. So?
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We need to look for this stuff wheither its from poison or anything else.
behavior could be from booze, pot, have a cold, heat exhaustion, poison, asthma, instestinal infection, a hangover. So if the employee acts like this,? seek medical attention immediately. Take the label with you to the hospital or doctor. |
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If you cannot get the label off the can, take the can with you. BUT donnot carry it in the passenger seat. What if you use pesiticides or live near areas where pesticides are used, do what?
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have name and number of poison control center available. Its in phone book. Post this number all over the workplace, near a phone. Also in work truck or car that the chemicals are carried in.
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First Aid for Pesiticide poisoning.
immediate action might be necessary to ? |
prevent death from pesicide poisoning.
Immediate action is critical to prevent serious injury. |
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the list of what to do of immediate actions
read pesticide label for immediate actions for dermal exposur or ingested. if inhaled, get fresh air have clean water around allways never give stuff by mouth to unconcious learn how to give artifical respirations if you get exposed to poison while treating someone, what? |
where protective equipment to protect yourself
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Specific First Aid instructions
if pesticide is spilled on skin or clothes, what? |
remove clothes
wash skin w/ soap water harse srubbing enhances absorption!!! don't scrub hard |
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if there is a risk to comtaminate yourself while helping someone do what?
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wear protective clothes and equipment.
if your clothes become contaiminated wash seperately at home, if really saturated, dispose of clothes. |
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what do you do if you get pesticide in your eyes?
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hold eyelid open
flush w/ water for 15 minutes flush under the eyelids to remove debris. after this cover eye and seek doctor |
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what do you do if you inhale stuff?
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get fresh air immediately
carry don't walk victim have them lie down/loosen clothes watch their breathing, keep chin up. Do NOT TRY TO RESCUE SOMEONE IN A CLOSED CONTAMINATED AREA w/o breathing gear! |
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what do you do if pesiticide has been swallowed?
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most important decision is
to make them vomit or not decision must be made immediately too follow the label instructions usually throw up immediately but NEVER if they are unconsious. choking death here |
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when do you not induce vomiting?
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when the poison is corrosive.
like a strong acid or alkali. corrosive burns, burns a throat or mouth. so will burn both directions. so dilute the poison water or milk get to hospital asap |
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How Organophosphates or Carbamate Insecticides Affect us.
greatest number of poisoning here. what do they affect? |
nervous systems
these poisons work on all mammal if they have cholinesterase in nervous system, including insects, fish, birds, etc. |
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nerve messages travel and jump synapse gaps to continue that electrical message. what chemical is released to make this happen?
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acetylcholine REMEMBER? acetylcholine is released to carry message to next cell. SO, when message is delivered, cholinesterase, breaks it down. Now the synapse is cleared and ready for the next signal. these poisons inhibit cholinesterase SO theres a bulid up of acetylcholine in the body! this buildup results in uncontrolled flow of nerve transmissions b/t nerve cells. so the nervous system is poisoned by its accumilation of acetylcholine which continues signaling across synapses!
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what are the symptoms of Organophosphate/Carbamate poisoning?
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constricted pupils
blurring vision headaches redding eyes all due to accumilation of acetylcholine at the nerve endings. Early symptoms depend on route of entry and how much, duh. |
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stomach poisoning gives you
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cramps
nausea vomiting diarrhea |
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what if inhaled?
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very similar to ingesting
salivation headaches dizziness secretions breathing problems can cause respiratory failure |
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what about absorption thru the skin?
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all stomach, intestinal, & respiratory symptoms hit at the same time! In kids, poisoning may be convulsions.
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what about advanced poisoning?
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the victom is pale
sweating frothing at the mouth pupils constricted non resposive to light change in heart rate mental confusion convulsions coma may die if not treated |
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people who work with organophosphates and Carbamates should?
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consider periodic cholinesterase tests.
blood cholinesterase tests measure effect of exposure. Each person needs a baseline est.. this is done with testing. |
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if lab tests show a worker's baseline has dropped 30% below est baseline, what?
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he has to be taken away from this exposure job until his levels return to pre exposure baseline range.
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What are antidotes to
organophosphate / Carbamate poisoning? |
be carefull here!
atropine protopan |
