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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Contrast X-Ray Techniques |
X-ray techniques that involve the injection inot one compartment of the body a substance that absorbs X-rays either less than or more than the surrounding tissue |
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Cerebra angiography |
a contrast X-ray technique for visualizing the cerebral circulatory system by infusion a radio translucent dye into a cerebral artery |
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Computed tomography |
a computer assisted X-ray procedure that can be used to visualize the brain and other internal structures of the living body |
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Magnetic resonance imaging |
a procedure in which high resoution from the measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emit when they are activated by radio-frequency waves in a magnetic field - 3D images |
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Spatial resolution |
the ability to detect and represent differences in spatial location |
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Positron tomography (PET) |
A technique for visualizing brain activity, usually b measuring the accumulation of radioactive 2-deoxyglucose or radioactive water in various areas shows functional images not just structure helps identify ligands |
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2-Deoxyglucos |
a substance similar to glucose that is taken up by active neurons but accumulates because it cannot be metabolized like normal glucose |
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Funtional MRI (fMRI) |
a magnetic resonance imaging technique for intferring brain activity by measuring increased oxygen flow into particular areas |
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BOLD Signal |
Blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal, which is recorded by fMRI and is related to the level of neural firing |
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Temporal resolution |
ability of a recording technique to record differences over time |
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Diffusion tensore imaging |
a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that is used for identifying major tracts |
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psychophysiological recording methods |
methods of recording physiological activity from the surface of the body |
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation |
a technique for disrupting the activity in an area of the cortex by creating a magnetic field under a coil positioned next to the skull; the effect of the disruption on cognition is assessed to clarify the function of the affected area of cortex |
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Electroencephalography |
a technique fore recording the gross electrical activity of the brain through disk shaped electrodes, which in humans are usually taped to the surface of the scalp |
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Alpha waves |
Redular, 8 o 12 per second, high amplitude EEG waves that typically occur during relaxed wakefulness and just before falling asleep |
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Signal averaging |
a method of increasing the signal to noise ratio by reducing back ground noise |
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P300 Wave |
the positive EEG wave that usually occurs about 300 milliseconds after a momentary stimulus that has meaning for the subject |
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Event related potentials (ERPs) |
the EEG waves that regularly accompany certain physiological events |
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Sensory evoked potential |
a change in the electrical activity of the brain (e.g. in the cortical EEG) that is elicited by the momentary presentation of sensory stimulus |
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Far-field |
EEG signals recorded in attenuated form at the scalp because they originate far away - for example, in the brain stem |
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Magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
A technique for recording changes produced in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp by changes underlying patterns of neural activity |
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Electromyography (MEG) |
a procedure for measuring muscle tension by recording the gross electrical discharges of muscles |
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Electrooculography (EOG) |
a technique for recording eye movements through electrodes placed around the eye |
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Skin conductance level (SCL) |
the steady level of skin conductance associated with a particular situation |
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Skin conductance response |
the transient charge in skin conductance associated with a brief experience |
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Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) |
a recording of the electrical signals associated with heartbeats |
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Hypertension |
chronically high blood pressure |
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Pethysmography |
any technique fore measuring changes in the volume of blood in a part of the body |
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Stereotaxic atlas |
a series of maps representing the three-dimmensional structure of the brain that is used to determine coordinates for stereotaxic surgery |
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Bregma |
the point on the surface of the skull where two of the major suture intersect, commonly used as a reference point in stereotaxic surgery on rodents |
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Aspiration |
a lesion technique in which tissue is drawn off by suction through the fine tip of a glass pipette |
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Radio-Frequency lesions |
small sub-cortical lesion made by passing radio frequency current through target tissue from the tip of a stereotaxilly positioned electrode. The heat from the current destroys the tissue |
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Sectioning |
the process of using a small well placed cut to eliminate conduction in a nerve or tract |
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Reversible Lesions |
methods for temporarily eliminating the activity in a particular area of the brain while tests are being conducted |
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Unilateral lesions |
lesions restricted to one area of the brain |
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Bilateral lesions |
Lesions involving both halves of the brian |
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Intracellular Unit Recording |
a moment-by-moment recording of the graded fluctuations in one neuron's membrane potential |
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Extracellular recording |
provides a record of the firing of a neuron but no information about the neuron's membrane potential -microelectrode is placed in the extracellular fluid |
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Multiple unit recording |
a graph of the total number of potentials in an area per unit of time |
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Invasive EEG recording |
EEG frequency recorded in the skull through stainless steel screws |
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Cannula |
a fine, hollow tube that is implanted in the body for the purpose of introducing or extracting substances |
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Neurotoxins |
neural poisons |
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autoradiography |
the techniques of photographically developing brain slices that have been exposed to a radioactively labeled substance such as 2-DG that regions of high uptake are visible |
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Cerebral dialysis |
a method for recording changes in brain chemistry in behaving animals in which a fine tube with a short, semipermeable section is implanted in the brain and extracellular neurochemicals are continuously drawn off for analysis |
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Chromatograph |
a device fore measuring the chemical constituent of liquids or gases |
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Immunochemistry |
a procedure for locating particular proteins in the brain by labeling their antibodies with dye or radioactive element and ten exposing slices of the brain tissue to the labeled antibodies |
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In situ hybridization |
A technique for locating particular proteins in the brain; molecules that bind to mRNA that directs the synthesis of the target protein are synthesized and labeled, and brain slices are exposed to them |
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Gene knockout techniques |
procedures for creating organisms that lack a particular gene |
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Gene replacement techniques |
Procedures for creating organisms in which a particular gene has been replaced with another |
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Transgenic mice |
mice into which the genetic material of another species has been introduced |
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Green Fluorescent protein (GFP) |
A protein that is found in some species of jellyfish and that fluoresces when exposed to blue light; thus, inserting GFP genes into neurons allows researchers to visualize the neurons |
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Brainbow |
a neuroanatomical technique that involves inserting various mutations of the green fluorescent protein gene into neural tissue so that different neurons fluoresce different colors |
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Behavioral paradigm |
a single set of procedures developed for the investigation of a particular behavioral phenomenon |
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Wechsier Adult Intellegence Scale |
A widely used test of general intelligence that includes 11 subtests |
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Digit span |
the longest sequence of random digits that can be repeated correctly 50% of the time - most people have a digit span of seven |
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Token-test |
a preliminary test for language-related deficits that involves following verbal instructions to touch or move tokens of different shapes, sizes, and colors |
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Sodium amytal test |
A test involving the anesthetization of the first one cerebral hemisphere plays a dominant role in language |
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Dichotic Listening Test |
a test of language lateralization in which two different sequences of three spoken digits are presented simultaneously, one to each ear, and the subject is asked to report all of the digits heard |
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Repetition Priming tests |
Tests of implicit memory; in one example, a list of words is presented, the fragments of the original words are represented and the subject is asked to complete them |
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Wisonsin Card Sorting Test |
a neurophyschological test that evaluates a patient's ability to remember that previously learned rules of behavior are no longer effective and to learn to respond to new rules |
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Cognitive neuroscience |
a division of biopsychology that focuses on the use of functional brain imaging to study the neural bases of human cognition |
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Constituent cognitive processes |
simple cognitive processes that combine to produce complex cognitive processes that are assumed to be mediated by neural activity in particular parts of the brain |
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Paired image subtraction technique |
the Use of PET or fMRI to locate constituent cognitive processes in the brain by producing an image of the difference in brain activity associated with two cognitive tasks that differ in terms of a single constituent cognitive process |
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Default mode |
the pattern of brain activity that is associated with relaxed wakefulness, when an individual is not focused on the external world |
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Default mode network |
the network of brain structures that tends to be active when the brain is in default mode |
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Species common behaviors |
Behaviors that are displayed in the same manner by virtually all like members of a species |
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Open-field test |
A method for recording and scoring the general activity of an animal in a large barren chamber |
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Thigmotaxic |
tending to stay near the walls of an open space such as a chamber |
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Colony |
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