Chpt 4: Neuro And Resp

Front 1

Neuromotor events in speech production

Back 1

Nerve impulses -> Mucsle contractions -> Movements-> Altered Cavity Shapes -> Air Pressure Changes -> Sound

Front 2

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 2

brain and spinal cord

Front 3

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 3

All other components, including:
Cranial nerves (exit CNS from brainstem)
Spinal nerves (exit CNS from spinal cord)

Front 4

Efferent Neurons

Back 4

Nerve impulses from CNS to body (go down from brain and out to body)

Front 5

Afferent Neurons

Back 5

Nerve impulses from body to CNS (go up from body to brain)

Front 6

Brainstem

Back 6

atop spinal cord

Front 7

Upper brainstem includes

Back 7

thalamus, basal ganglia

Front 8

Lower brainstem includes

Back 8

pons and medulla oblongata

Front 9

Cerebullum

Back 9

posterior to brainstem (sits on back)

Front 10

Cerebral Hemispheres

Back 10

wrap around brainstem; include areas for higher cognitive function and language

Front 11

Cortex made of:

Back 11

1 billion nerve cells which covers the cerebrum

Front 12

Parts of a Neuron

Back 12

Cell body, nucleus, axons and dendrites

Front 13

axons

Back 13

carry information away from the cell body; transmit impulses (efferent)

Front 14

dendrites

Back 14

recieve impulses (afferent)

Front 15

Firing

Back 15

"all or nothing" stimuli above threshold always generates same response. Stronger signals yield more frequent firing, amplitude doesn't change

Front 16

Charge of a neuron at rest

Back 16

negative internal charge

Front 17

Charge of a neuron during firing

Back 17

-potassium (K+) exits the neuron
-Sodium (Na+) floods into the neuron
-Cell interior briefly gains positive charge
-Resting negative charge restored soon after firing

Front 18

Synapse

Back 18

A small ditch:
-adjacent neurons approach
-neuronal firing releases chemicals (neurotransmitters) into synaptic cleft
-neurotransmitters can either facilitate or inhibit firing in the next neuron(s).

Front 19

Aphasia

Back 19

Language impairment; people know what they want to say but can't think of the word. Don't have a problem making the sounds.

Front 20

Apraxia

Back 20

deficits in speech motor programming; problem with making speech sounds. Ex: trying to move articulators

Front 21

Dysarthia

Back 21

difficulty with speech movements; not a problem with what brain is sending to articulators, a problem with articulators.

Front 22

Broca's Area

Back 22

3rd convolution of left temporal lobe; articulatory

Front 23

Wernicke's Area

Back 23

1st convolution of left temporal lobe; language

Front 24

Wada testing

Back 24

-used to test for laterality prior to brain surgery
- paralyzes one side of the brain and the contralateral side of the body it controls

Front 25

What percent of right handers are left-lateralized for language?

Back 25

About 96%

Front 26

What percentage of left-handers are left-laterized for language?

Back 26

70%

Front 27

Spoonerisms

Back 27

units of speech/language are reversed in production
- provides evidence that speech is not programmed by one word, syllable or sound at a time.

Front 28

What nerves mainly innervate the oral and laryngeal stuctures?

Back 28

Cranial nerves

Front 29

How is the respiratory system innervated?

Back 29

Spinal nerves

Front 30

Explain the term "one motor unit."

Back 30

Efferent impulses and muscles work together to stimulate muscle fibers which cause a muscle contraction which may yield movement or change in muscle tone.

Front 31

Obstructing airflow in the upper vocal tract yeilds what?

Back 31

Supraglottal sound sources (bursts, frication noise) especially for consonants.
aka Voiced sounds

Front 32

What type of sounds signal do voiced sounds have?

Back 32

Periodic sound signal. Vocal folds provide oscillator.

Front 33

What type of sound signal do voiceless sounds have?

Back 33

Aperiodic sound signal. Oral constriction causes noise generator.

Front 34

Primary function of external intercostals

Back 34

Raise and expand ribcage for inhalation

Front 35

Internal Intercostal muscles; interossesou portion

Back 35

lower and compress ribcage for exhalation

Front 36

Internal intercostal muscles; interchondral portion

Back 36

rease and expand ribcage for inhalation

Front 37

Which portion of the brain sends commands the respiratory muscles?

Back 37

Medulla oblongata

Front 38

Tidal Volume

Back 38

amount of air exchanged during a cycle of quiet breathing

Front 39

Vital Capacity

Back 39

amount of air exchanged in maximum inspiration - maximum expiration

Front 40

Respiratory volumes

Back 40

- tidal volumes is about 10% of VC

Front 41

Resting Volume

Back 41

the respiratory system relaxes at about 40% of VC

Front 42

Above resting volume

Back 42

- muscles counteract passive collapse of respiratory system
-inspiratory muscles maintain lunge in expanded state
- slow expiration early during exhalation phase

Front 43

Below resting volume

Back 43

(deep breathing)
- muscles force respiratory into compressed state
- expiratory muscles compress thorax and abdomen
- maintain expiration longer

Front 44

How are pressures and volumes related?

Back 44

They are inversely related, you need more air for speech and singing.

Front 45

Voice disorders

Back 45

improper laryngeal valving may waste exhaled air

Front 46

hearing impairment

Back 46

poor laryngeal control may again waste air

Front 47

motor speech disorders

Back 47

may affect respiratory muscle cooridination