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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do you need to view microbes?
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a microscope
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What are the 2 different microscopes?
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1) light microscope
2) electron microscope |
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What is magnification?
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magnification=objective X ocular
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What is the max magnification on a light microscope?
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1000X
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Why do you use immersion oil on the light microscope?
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keeps the light narrow; similar to glass; makes it crystal clear
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What kind of specimen are suitable for the light microscope?
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live specimen
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What are the 2 types of electron microscopes?
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1)SEM= scanning e-microscopes
2)TEM= transmission e-microscopes |
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What magnification does the SEM go to?
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100,000X
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What magnification does the TEM go to?
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20,000,000X
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What kind of specimen are suitable for the SEM?
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dead; to see the surfaces
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What kind of specimen are suitable for the TEM?
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dead; too see the interiors of microbes
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What is the purpose of staining microbes? WHy?
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to improve the ability to view microbes because they are naturally colorless
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How much should you put on a smear from a solid culture?
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a pinpoint amount of microbe and then a drop of water
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Why do we heat the smear after putting the microbe on it?
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So that the microbes are heat fixed onto the slide
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What is the overall charge of bacteria?
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negative charge
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What kind of dyes do bacteria attract?
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positively charged stains
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What is a simple stain?
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-you only use a single positive charged stain
-see size, shape, and arrangement -all bacteria on the slide are going to be one color |
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What is a differential stain?
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-you use more than one positively charged stain
-differentiate something about the bacteria |
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What are three different examples of differential stains?
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1) Gram stain
2) Endospore stain 3) Acid-fast stain |
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Who developed the Gram stain?
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Hans Christian Gram in 1884
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What did Gram discover with the Gram stain?
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He found 2 different causitive organisms of pneumonia
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Why is the Gram stain so important?
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Gram stain differentiates bacteria based on structure; divides into 2 groups: Gram (+)=purple/blue, and Gram (-)=pink/red bacteria
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What color will the Gram (+) bacteria be after the Gram stain?
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purple/blue
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What color will the Gram (-) bacteria be after the Gram stain?
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red/pink
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What is an Acid-fast stain?
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-an example of a differential stain
-you use this kind of stain for bacteria with a large amount of waxy lipid in their cell wall -must begin with a warm smear to make wax liquidy |
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Is a gram stain able to stain acid-fast bacteria?
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no
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What is an Endospore stain?
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-example of a differential stain
-stains for bacteria with endospores -need a warm smear |
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What are examples of bacteria used for acid-fast stain?
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mycobacterium (tuberculosis/ leprosy), nocardia (skin and lung infections)
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What are endospores?
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they are a dormant, hardy, and resistant structure; very difficult to stain because they are not very permeable
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What are endospores difficult to stain?
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Because they aren't very permeable
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Handsanitizer kills endospores! (T/F)
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False
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What are examples of the bacteria used for Endospore stains?
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Bacillus, and Clostridium produce endospores
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Negative or Capsule Stain
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-not a simple or differential stain
-is a (-) charged dye; not attracted to the (-) charged bacteria -ultimately stains the background |
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Can you heat fix a a negative or capsule smear? Why?
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no, because the heat would destroy the capsule
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Would the capsule stain with the gram stain?
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No
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What are the 3 Bacterial Morphologies (shapes)?
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1)cocci (pl.)/ coccus (sing.) =circular
2)bacilli (pl.)/ bacillus (sing.) =rod-shaped 3)spirilla (pl.)/ spirachete (sing.) =spiral shaped |
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How does Bacteria reproduce?
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-reproduce asexually
-reproduce via binary fission -bacteria replicates its DNA |
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What questions are asked when talking about the arrangement of bacteria?
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-do they separate or stay together?
-how many planes do they divide in? |
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What is a Diplococci?
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-a type of cocci/ coccus
-binary fission happening in 1 plane -2 bacteria remain attached -oo |
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What is an example of a diplococci?
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neiserria gonorrhea
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What is Streptococci?
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-a type of cocci/ coccus
-binary fission happening in 1 plane with many bacteria in a line -ooooooooo |
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What is an example of streptococci?
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streptococcus pyogenes
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What is Tetrads?
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-a type of cocci/ coccus
-binary fission in 2 planes -4 cocci remain together -----0----- ----0-0---- -----0----- |
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What is an example of a tetrad?
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micrococcus luteus
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What is Sarcinae?
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-a type of cocci/ coccus
-binary fission happening in 3 planes -8 cocci remain attached (cube) |
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What is Staphylococci?
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-a type of cocci/ coccus
-binary fission in random planes -cocci stay together (grape clusters) |
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What is an example of staphylococci?
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staphylococcus aureus
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What is a Diplobacilli?
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-a type of bacilli/ bacillus
-binary fission happening in 1 plane -2 bacilli stay together |
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What is Streptobacilli?
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-a type of bacilli/ bacillus
-binary fission happening in 1 plane -many bacilli stay together |
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What is an example of streptobacilli?
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bacillus megatenum
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What is Palisade?
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-a type of bacilli/ bacillus
-binary fission in 1 plane -2 bacilli remain attached in a "V" shape |
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What is an example of palisade?
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cornybacterium diphtheride
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What is the purpose of Classification of microbes?
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-to bring order
-to enhance communication -to make predictions -to uncover different evolutionary connections |
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What is taxonomy?
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the science of classification and naming organisms
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What are the 7 categories in the Linnean taxonomy?
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1)kingdom
2)phylum 3)class 4)order 5)family 6)genus 7)species |
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What are the 2 categories of the Linnean taxonomy that bacteria deals with?
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Genus and Species
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How to name microbes
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binomial nomen clature
-Genus=capitlized -species= lower case -name= italics or underlined |
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What are Whittaker's 5 Kingdoms of the Taxonomic Scheme?
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1)animalia
2)plantae 3)fungi 4)protista 5)monera (bacteria) |
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What were the complaints about Whittaker's 5 Kingdoms?
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it lumps together very different organisms
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What are Woese's 3 Domains of the Taxonomic Scheme?
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1)archae
2)bacteria>kingdom monera 3)eukarya>kingdom animalia, plantae, fungi, and protista |
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What was Woese's Domains based on?
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sequenced rRNA (ribosomal)
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