Chpt 34 Vertebrates

Front 1

Phylum Chordata

Back 1

*bilaterian, deuterostomes
* Dorsal hollow nerve cord
*notochord
*muscular, post anal tail
*pharyngeal slits

Front 2

Notochord

Back 2

longitudinal flexible rod

Front 3

Dorsal hollow nerve chord

Back 3

from plate of ectoderm, develops into central nervous system and brain

Front 4

Protochordata

Back 4

*Hemichordata- soild nerve chord, marine worms
*Lancelets/ cephalochordata
*Urochordata-partially true chordates, tunicates/ sea squirts, open vasc syst

Front 5

Craniates

Back 5

*appearance of a head.
*consists of brain athe the anterior end of the dorsal nerve cord
*2 sets of Hox genes
*neural crest

Front 6

Neural crest

Back 6

*collection of cells that appear near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo.
*give rise to a variety of stuctures

Front 7

Agnatha (chordata, craniates)

Back 7

*no jaw
*dental elements allowing for scavenging

Front 8

Myxini (chordata craniate agnatha)

Back 8

*hag fish
*secrete mucus
*no vertebrae
*scavengers

Front 9

Vertabrates

Back 9

*more complex nervous system
*elaborate skeleton
*skull with backbone made of vertebrae

Front 10

Pteromyzontida (chordata, craniate, agnatha, vertebrea)

Back 10

*Lampreys
*parasitic
*larva suspension feed
*made of cartilage
*cephalospidomorphi
*ancient relative= pteraspidomorphi (bony plate head)
*ancestor = conodonts

Front 11

Gnathostomes (chordata, craniate, vertebra)

Back 11

*modification of the skeletal rods of pharengial gils
*lateral line system

Front 12

Lateral line system

Back 12

organs that are sensitive to vibrations in surrounding water

Front 13

Ancient gnathostomes

Back 13

Placoderms -armored vertebrates
acanthodians

Front 14

Chondrichthyans (chordata craniate vertebra gnathostomia)

Back 14

*sharks, rays,skates
*skeleton composed of mostly cartilage
*suspension to carnivorous
*Placoid scales do not grow but increase in size
*sexual dimorphism
*serial tooth replacement

Front 15

Oviparousi

Back 15

lay eggs, hatch outside mother

Front 16

Ovoviparous

Back 16

fertilized eggs in mother nourished by egg yolk.

Front 17

Viviparous

Back 17

young develop within uterus, obtain nutrients through mother

Front 18

cloaca

Back 18

digestive adn reproductive tract ending

Front 19

Osteichthyans (chordata, craniate, vertebra, gnathostomata)

Back 19

*bonyfish
*Actinopterygii, Actinistia, Dipnoi
* ocerculum- bony gill protector
*swim bladder-contro bouyancy

Front 20

Actinopterygii (osteichthyans)

Back 20

*ray-finned fish
* bony rays support fins
*muscles inside of fish
*allows for thin fins

Front 21

Sarcopterygii/ians (osteichtheyans)

Back 21

lobe-finned fish
*rod-shaped bones surrouned by a think layer of muscle in fins
*coelacanthsj
*precoursor to legs
*Dipnoi- lungfish-split from lobe-fin fish

Front 22

Dipnoi (osteichtheyans, saarcopterygii?)

Back 22

-lungfish-split from lobe-fin fish

Front 23

Tetrapods (gnathostomes)

Back 23

*limbs to support weight on land
*head separated from meck
*pelvic girdle fused to back bone
* most adults don't have gills

Front 24

Amphibians (gnathostomata, tetrapoda)

Back 24

*Urodela, Anura, Apoda
* perfer moist to aquatic condtions

Front 25

Urodela (tetrapoda amphibious)

Back 25

*tailed amphibians
*salemanders, axoloti,
*paedomorphosis/ neotic
*walk like fish
*gas exchange though skin

Front 26

Paedomorphosis

Back 26

adult retains features of juvinile

Front 27

Anurans (tetrapoda amphibious)

Back 27

*no tails
*frog, toads
*dependent on water column for life cycle
*goes through metamorphosis
*"swallows" air

Front 28

Apodans (tetrapodia amphibious)

Back 28

*Caecilians
*derived leglessness
*tropical

Front 29

Amniotes (tetrapodia)

Back 29

tetrapods who developed an amniotic egg
includes reptiles and mammals

Front 30

Amniotic egg

Back 30

Allows embryo to develop on land
Four specialized membranes:
-amnion
-chorion
-yolk sac
-allantois

Front 31

Reptile (tetrapoda amniote)

Back 31

*tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, birds, dinosaurs too.
*ectothermic
*endothermic -birds only
*loss of ankle bone

Front 32

Ectothermic

Back 32

absorb external heat as the main source of body heat

Front 33

Endothermic

Back 33

self regulating body temperature through metabolic activity

Front 34

Fenestrations

Back 34

holes behind the eye socket?

Front 35

Anapsida (reptile)

Back 35

*turtles and tortoises
*carapace and the plastron= dermal bone covered by epidermal scales called scoots.
*fold or retract necks

Front 36

Diapsida (reptile)

Back 36

Lepidosaurs
Archosaurs

Front 37

Lepidosaurs(reptilia diapsida)

Back 37

*tuataras-spenodontidae
*lizards, snakes= squamates

Front 38

Archosaurs(reptilia diapsida)

Back 38

crocodiylans
Pterosaurs
Dinosaurs

Front 39

Crocodillans (reptilia diapsida archosaurs)

Back 39

*aligators and crocodiles

Front 40

Birds (reptilia diapsida archosaurs)

Back 40

* no urinary bladder
*small gonads
*toothless
* wings, feathers
* lattice bone

Front 41

Mammalia (tetrapodia amniote)

Back 41

*mammary glads
*hair
*endothermic
*diaphragm

Front 42

synapsids

Back 42

ancestrial group of amniotes
single temporal fenestra

Front 43

Monotremes (mammalia)

Back 43

*lay eggs
*hair
*produce milk through skin

Front 44

Marsupials (mammalia)

Back 44

*nipples
*live birth
*placenta
*completes embryonic development while nursing

Front 45

Eutherians (mammalia)

Back 45

*placental mammals
*longer pregnancies