Chp 9 En

Front 1

Water is cheap, accessible, plentiful, and relatively safe to drink.
Differences in beliefs about the importance of water quality, water
scarcity, and water use can cause conflict and hinder a joint effort to
protect the world's water supplies.

Back 1

yeah

Front 2

Water is a unique compound (Fig. 9-1)
Water exerts a major influence on the earth's environments.
Some physical characteristics of water.

Back 2

properties ofw water

Front 3

The hydrological cycle is a process involving the sun, the atmosphere, the
earth and water (Fig. 9-2).
This cycle consists of evaporation, condensation, transportation,
transpiration, precipitation, and runoff

Back 3

hydrologic cycle

Front 4

water covers ___% of earths surface the approxiamate amount of water on earth is 1.3 ____ cubic kilmoerse

Back 4

71, 1.3 billion

Front 5

Humans and animals require freshwater for consumption, which makes up only
___% of the total amount of water.

Back 5

3

Front 6

globally the insreaceing demoand for water is rising about___% anuially

Back 6

2.3%

Front 7

__ in ___ people on this planet lacks a clean water supply.
At some point in the future, worldwide water use will be limited by
physical, economic and environmental limitations

Back 7

1 in 5

Front 8

Many factors impact the amount and the way a country uses water, including:

Back 8

economy, available technology, level of industry, and agriculture, culture,
and climate.

Front 9

effective water managemeing wiould ___ water effience, decrease consumtion and help preserve remaining resources

Back 9

increase

Front 10

sustainable water use implies:

Back 10

that current needs are met without diminishing
the resource for future generations use and at no expense to environmental
need.

Front 11

the three mjor water cosumers int he world are:

Back 11

agriulcture, industry and individual use

Front 12

in the us the aveage per captia water us is ____ gallons per day

Back 12

180

Front 13

____ consumes the largest portion of the freshwater supply, with over
two-thirds of the world's water demand used for irrigation.
Sixty percent of this water is lost to evaporation or runoff.

Back 13

agriculture

Front 14

_____ uses large quantities of water for numerous
purposes, including manufacturing, cooling and condensation by power plants,
and waste disposal.
Approximate industrial water use in the United States is over 200 billion
gallons per day.

Back 14

industry

Front 15

the bulk of demostic water use serves for :

Back 15

flusing toilets, showering, and waterling lawns

Front 16

______ ____ volume worldwide is estimated to be 8.5 million km3 or 0.62% of
the total water volume.
Groundwater sources supply drinking water to 50% of the people living in the
United States and to 90% of people living in U.S. rural areas.
When rain falls on the earth, some of the water percolates downward through
the spaces in the soil, pulled by gravity.

Back 16

ground water

Front 17

types of ground water comtamination:

Back 17

point source and non point source

Front 18

pollution sources in the United States include

Back 18

(1) over 23 million septic systems;
(2) between five and six million underground storage tanks;
(3) millions of tons of pesticides and fertilizers; and
(4) municipal landfills, and abandoned hazardous waste sites.

Front 19

Refers to pollutants entering the environment from a specific point such
as a pipe or a specific source such as a factory or treatment plant.

Back 19

point source

Front 20

Refers to pollutants entering the environment from a broad area and may
include scattered sources

Back 20

nonpoint source

Front 21

__ is the replacement of ground water by natural processes

Back 21

rechaarge

Front 22

____ ____ is an acutal term defnined as the ratio of water withdrawn to water availaility

Back 22

water stress

Front 23

Involves a settling of the soil as the water is pumped out.

Back 23

subsidence

Front 24

As water is pumped out of the aquifer, the zone of saturation decreases at
both the upper and lower levels. Saltwater can seep into the aquifer at
the lower level, polluting the freshwater.

Back 24

salinination

Front 25

Much of the pollution that threatens our water supply today is anthropogenic
meaning?

Back 25

it is generated by humans, and not part of a natural process.

Front 26

water quality has what kind of characteristics:

Back 26

taste, color, temp and puricity

Front 27

higy quality water is used for___
low quality woater is use for

Back 27

drking
irrigation

Front 28

Different types of pollutants may contaminate a water supply, these can be
categorized as:

Back 28

physical,
chemical,
biological and
radioactive contaminants.

Front 29

Of particular concern are lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, and copper.
These substances can cause serious acute and chronic health problems.

Back 29

inorgnaic compounds

Front 30

can be classified as volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) or synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs).

Back 30

synthetic organic chemicals

Front 31

VOCs present a threat to _____, where they are less able to vaporize
and can accumulate.
SOCs threaten _____ ____, through both accidental and purposeful
discharges into water ways.

Back 31

groundwaters, surface waters

Front 32

The most common radioactive substances in water are

Back 32

radium, uranium, radon
and certain man-made radionuclides.
While naturally occurring radionuclides appear mainly in groundwater,
surface waters are more likely to contain artificial radionuclides from
atmospheric fallout.

Front 33

thesre are examples of what type of pollution:
Underground Injection Wells
Industrial Discharges
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

Back 33

point source

Front 34

these are examples of what type of pollution:

Agriculture
Pesticides
Fertilizer
Eutrophication
Stormwater
Acid Mine Discharge

Back 34

nonpoint source

Front 35

The main steps of treatment are:

Back 35

Sedimentation
coagulation-flocculation
filtration, and
disinfection

Front 36

what is the most critacal step in water treamentq

Back 36

disinfection

Front 37

what is the major disinfectant used in US water sytems

Back 37

cholrine

Front 38

Allows the United States EPA to set Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for
water pollutants to protect the public health.
Enforcement of the SDWA is left to the individual states, with oversight
provided by the Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water, a division of the
USEPA.

Back 38

Safe water drinking act

Front 39

as microogranisms decmpose orgnaic meterial in surace weater the use oxygen dissolved in the ater called

Back 39

Biological oxygen demand

Front 40

what are the types of dispsoal of sewage

Back 40

pit privis, septic sytems, munciplae sewage terament

Front 41

Sewage treatment speeds up water's natural process of purification, through
biooxidation, filtration and settling.

Back 41

muncipple sewage treament

Front 42

Several stages of treatment include;

Back 42

primary, secondary, tertirary and sleduge disposal

Front 43

____ treament is largely a mechincal process that removes solids using a bar screen and a grinder

Back 43

primary

Front 44

___ treatment: Trickling filters and activated sludge treatment employ bacteria to
breakdown and digest organic material in the sewage

Back 44

secondary

Front 45

____ treatment advanced wastewater treatment methods,
including air stripping by ammonia and rapid granular filtration, reduce
the BOD even more.

Back 45

tertirary

Front 46

_____ refers to the solids and liquids sepearter out of wastewater during sewage treatment.

Back 46

sludge