Chp 8

Front 1

learning

Back 1

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

Front 2

associative learning

Back 2

learning that certain events occur together. the events may be 2 stimuli on a response and its consequences.

Front 3

classical conditioning

Back 3

a type of learning in which an organism comes an unconditioned stimulus bgins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

Front 4

behaviorism

Back 4

the view the that psych should be an objective science and studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Front 5

unconditioned response

Back 5

the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus such as salivation when food is in the mouth

Front 6

unconditioned stimulus

Back 6

a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically- triggers a response

Front 7

conditioned response

Back 7

the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

Front 8

conditioned stimulus

Back 8

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an UCS, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Front 9

acquisition

Back 9

the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase assiciating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stumulus to that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Front 10

extinction

Back 10

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an UCS does not followed a CS; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Front 11

spontaneous recovery

Back 11

the reappearance, after a rest period of an extinguished response

Front 12

generalization

Back 12

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar reponses

Front 13

discrimination

Back 13

classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Front 14

expectancy

Back 14

an awareness of how likely it is that the UCS will occur

Front 15

operant conditioning

Back 15

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Front 16

respondent behavior

Back 16

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for bahvor learned through classical conditioning

Front 17

operant behavior

Back 17

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Front 18

law of effect

Back 18

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequnces become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Front 19

operant chamber (skinner box)

Back 19

a chamber containing a bar or key that and animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer with attached devices to record the animals rate of bar pressing or keypecking. used in operant conditioning research

Front 20

shaping

Back 20

OC procedure, in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal

Front 21

reinforcement

Back 21

in OC, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Front 22

primary reinforcers

Back 22

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biolofical need

Front 23

conditioned reinforcer (secondary)

Back 23

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

Front 24

continuous reinforcement

Back 24

reinforcing the desired response every time

Front 25

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Back 25

reinforcing a response only part of the timel results in slower aquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Front 26

fixed- ratio

Back 26

reinforce a response only after a specified number of responses

Front 27

variable-ratio

Back 27

reinforces a response after n unpredictable number o responses

Front 28

fixed interval

Back 28

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Front 29

variable interval

Back 29

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Front 30

punishment

Back 30

opposite of reinforcement, an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Front 31

cognitive map

Back 31

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment

Front 32

latent learning

Back 32

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Front 33

over-justification effect

Back 33

the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest as the motivation for performing the task

Front 34

intrinsic motivation

Back 34

a desire go perform a behavior for its own sake to be effective

Front 35

extrinsic motivation

Back 35

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Front 36

observational learning

Back 36

learning by observing

Front 37

modeling

Back 37

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Front 38

mirror neurons

Back 38

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation language learning and empathy

Front 39

prosocial

Back 39

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior