Chp 6

Front 1

What are the four components of the skeletal system?

Back 1

1. Cartilage

2. Bones

3. Ligaments

4. Tendons

Front 2

What kind of tissue is the skeletal system?

Back 2

connective

Front 3

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

Back 3

1. support

2. protection

3. movement

4. storage

5. blood cell production

Front 4

What are some disadvantages of having bones?

Back 4

- If broken, it can puncture organs

- not flexible

- disintegrate

- no external protection

Front 5

How do bones support the body?

Back 5

- bones provide framework

- cartilage provides support with certain structures (nose, trachea, external ear)

- ligaments

Front 6

How do bones help protect?

Back 6

ie: skull, rib cage, vertebrae

Front 7

How do bones help movement?

Back 7

- skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons

- strong muscles make stronger bones

- shape of cones at a joint determine the types of moments that can be made at the joint

Front 8

Name a floating bone

Back 8

Patella, hyloid

Front 9

How do bones help storage?

Back 9

stores minerals (calcium) and adipose tissue

Front 10

Calcium storage

Back 10

Not supposed to use the calcium from bones

Front 11

Blood cell production

Back 11

occurs within the red bone marrow cavities of certain bones

Front 12

adult's rbc and wbc

Back 12

RBC and WBC produced in clavicle, spine, hips, GH joints, SI joint, trachea

- Better at stuff we've seen before, not good with new stuff

Front 13

children rbi and abc

Back 13

RBC and WBC produced everywhere

- Better at new stuff and coming back from it, not good with old stuff

Front 14

Cartilage

Back 14

- type of connective tissue (a cell type and extracellular matrix)

- avascular

Front 15

What are the types of cartilage?

Back 15

1. Hyaline

2. Fibrocartilage

3. Elastic

Front 16

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

Back 16

ends of long bones, ribs, trachea, bronchi, nose and embryonic skeleton

Front 17

what are the functions of the hyaline cartilage?

Back 17

provides smooth surfaces for joints, support

Front 18

do adults have a lot of hyaline cartilage?

Back 18

mostly as a child

Front 19

Where is fibrocartilage located?

Back 19

pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci

Front 20

what is the function of the fibrocartilage

Back 20

support, they are strong for weight bearing

Front 21

what are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Back 21

good nerve supply, closely packed cells, avascular

Front 22

Where is elastic cartilage located?

Back 22

epiglottis, external ear, auditory tube

Front 23

what are the functions of the elastic fibers

Back 23

support with flexibility

Front 24

How are long bones classified?

Back 24

1. Shape- long, short, flat, irregular

2. Location- sutural, sesmoid

Front 25

What are the four shapes bones are classified by?

Back 25

1. Long

2. Short

3. Flat

4. Irregular

Front 26

Long bone

Back 26

- longer than wide (name reflects shape rather than size)

ie. limbs

Front 27

short bone

Back 27

- cube like bones

ie. carpal and tarsal bones

Front 28

flat bones

Back 28

sternum, ribs, certain bones of skull

Front 29

irregular bones

Back 29

all other bones, vertebrae, hip bone, sphenoid

Front 30

What are the two locations bones are classified by?

Back 30

Sutural and sesmoid

Front 31

Sesamoid bones

Back 31

- shaped like a sesame seed

- bone is surrounded by a tendon

ie. patella, sesmoid bones

Front 32

Sutural bones

Back 32

- located within sutures of skull --> not always present

Front 33

Are sutural bones always present?

Back 33

No

Front 34

What are the major structures of a long bone?

Back 34

1. Diaphysis

2. Epiphysis

3. Epiphyseal Lines

4. Periosteum

5. Endosteum

Front 35

Diaphysis

Back 35

- shaft (long axis) of a long bone

- contains the marrow cavity

Front 36

What is diaphysis composed primarily of?

Back 36

Compact bone

Front 37

What is another word for compact bone?

Back 37

Cortical bone

Front 38

What do adults have in the marrow cavity?

Back 38

Yellow bone marrow

Front 39

What do children have in the marrow cavity?

Back 39

Red bone marrow

Front 40

Epiphysis

Back 40

- ends of long bone (joint surface)

- covered with articular cartilage

Front 41

Where does articular cartilage come from?

Back 41

Always been there! and it gets stronger

Front 42

what is epiphysis composed of?

Back 42

Spongy bone

Front 43

what kind of cartilage is on the epiphysis?

Back 43

hyaline articular cartilage, absorbs shock and reduces friction

Front 44

Epiphyseal lines

Back 44

- located between the diaphysis and the epiphyses

- once the plates turn into lines when finished growing

Front 45

When are females finished growing

Back 45

15-18 years old

Front 46

When are males finished growing

Back 46

18-22 years old

Front 47

Endosteum

Back 47

connective tissue membrane which surrounds the internal surfaces of the bone

Front 48

Periosteum

Back 48

connective tissue membrane which surrounds the external surface of the diaphysis

- surgery= break through periosteum

Front 49

Bone

Back 49

type of connective tissue

Front 50

what is bone composed of

Back 50

cells and extracellular matrix (fibers and ground substance)

Front 51

What are the 3 types of cells in bones

Back 51

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

Front 52

Osteoblasts

Back 52

-make bone

- turn into osteocytes

Front 53

what is the difference between an osteocyte and an osteoblast

Back 53

osteoblast is an immature stem cell while osteocyte is a mature cell

Front 54

osteocyte

Back 54

- mature bone cells, maintain bone

- cell bodies of osteocytes sit in spaces called lacunae ---> lives in pit

- cell processes of osteocytes sit in spaces called cunaliculi

Front 55

what are cunaliculi?

Back 55

its a tube where blood vessels, veins, arteries, lymphatics sit in there and run through, cell projections

Front 56

osteoclasts

W

Back 56

- breakdown bone

- secrete hydrochloric acid

- spongy and compact remodeling are

- destruction of the bone matrix

Front 57

What is the extracellular matrix of bone is primarily composed of

Back 57

osteoid and hydroxyl apatites

Front 58

osteoid

Back 58

- secreted by osteoblasts

- accounts for bones strength (collagen and mg and calcium)

Front 59

what accounts for bone strength in osteoids

Back 59

mg and calcium

Front 60

what accounts for rigidity in osteoids

Back 60

collagen

Front 61

what accounts for hardness of bones

Back 61

hydroxy apatities

Front 62

is osteoid organic or inorganic

Back 62

organic

Front 63

what is another word for spongy bone

Back 63

trabecular= cancellous

Front 64

hydroxyapatities account for what?

Back 64

bone hardness due to calcium salts

Front 65

Which part of the bone is compact?

Back 65

The external layer

Front 66

What is compact bone composed of?

Back 66

osteons

Front 67

What is an osteon

Back 67

a tube of bone matrix formed by rings

Front 68

what are the rings in the bone matrix called

Back 68

concentric lamellae

Front 69

where are osteocytes located

Back 69

lacunae

Front 70

what system is osteon a part of

Back 70

haversian system

Front 71

what is in the central canal of an osteon

Back 71

blood vessels

Front 72

what canals are perpendicular to the central canal

Back 72

perforating canals of volkmanns canals

Front 73

how do osteocytes communicate

Back 73

by way of their cell processes located in the canaliculi

Front 74

how are central canals connected to each other

Back 74

by perforating canals

Front 75

why are their perforating canals

Back 75

so waste can leave and nutrients can come in

Front 76

what does compact bone surround

Back 76

spongy/trabecular/calcellous bone

Front 77

are osteons in spongy bone?

Back 77

no

Front 78

what is spongy bone composed of

Back 78

plates of bone called trabeculae

Front 79

what is trabeculae

Back 79

plates that make up spongy bone that align along lines of stress and are constantly remodeled

Front 80

what does anatomy of bone reflect

Back 80

the stresses it encounters which keeps it strong

Front 81

collagen is weak or strong

Back 81

strong

Front 82

what is ossification

Back 82

process of forming the body skeleton

Front 83

What are the two types of ossification

Back 83

1. intramembranous ossification

3. endochondral ossification

Front 84

what is intramembranous ossification

Back 84

-bone originates from connective tissue membranes developed from mesenchyme

Front 85

example of intramembranous ossification

Back 85

flat bones of skull and clavicles

Front 86

endochondral ossification

Back 86

bone originates from hyaline cartilage

-most of the bones in the skeleton

Front 87

what type of ossification is used for fx healing

Back 87

endochondral (cartilage to bone)

Front 88

appositional growth increases what?

Back 88

the thickness of the bone

Front 89

interstitial growth increases what

Back 89

bone length

Front 90

What is wolf's law of bone architecture

Back 90

bones will adapt to the stresses put on it, stress correlates to density

-action of osteoblasts and class, assuming nutrients and chemicals are there

Front 91

what controls bone growth

Back 91

- hormones: testosterone, estrogen, pth, calcium, insulin

- mechanical forces

Front 92

when does bone growth end

Back 92

15-18 girls, 18-21 guys

Front 93

where does bone growth occur @?

Back 93

epiphyseal plates

Front 94

opophasis

Back 94

growth at the achilles plate

Front 95

what are the growth plates composted of

Back 95

hyaline cartilage left over from endochondral ossification

Front 96

osteoclasts

Back 96

breakdown old bone

Front 97

osteoblasts

Back 97

secrete osteoids and make new bone

Front 98

what are the main two hormones that are a part of bone remodeling

Back 98

parathyroid and calcitonin

Front 99

Where is pth produced?

Back 99

in the parathyroid glands

Front 100

when is pth released

Back 100

when Ca level in blood is too low

Front 101

what does pth do

Back 101

stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts, osteocytes remain unchanged

Front 102

is pth always released into the blood when Ca level is at homeostasis

Back 102

Yes, but at a lower level

Front 103

what does calcitonin do

Back 103

secretes hydroxiapitities and osteiods,

stimulates osteoblasts

Front 104

does calcitonin do much for humans

Back 104

no