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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Political Socialization
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the process--most notably in families and schools by which we develop our political attitudes, values and beliefs
we form our attitudes through participation in groups |
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Family is the most powerful socializing agent
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true
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Attitudes
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an individual's propensity to perceive interpret, or act toward a particular object in a particular way
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Public Opinion
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the distribution of indivudal preferences for or evaluations of a given issue, candidate or institution within a specific population
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Random Sampling
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every individual has a known and equal chance of being selected
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Margin of Error
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the range of percentage points in which the sample accurately refelcts the population
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Universe
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THe group of peopel whos preferences we try to measure by taking a sample--aka population
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Intensity
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A measure of how strongly an individual holds a particular opinion
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Latency
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Political opinions that are held but not yet expressed
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Manifest Opinion
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widely shared and consciously held view, such as support for abortion rights of for homeland security
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Salience
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An individual's belief that an issue is important or relevant to him or her
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Political ideology
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A constant pattern of ideas or beliefs about political values and the role of government, including how it should work and how it actually does work
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Liberalism
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A belief that government can bring about justice and equality of opportunity
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Conservatism
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A belief in private property rights and free enterprise
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Social Conservatives
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Focus less on economics and more on morality and lifestyle
Social Controls overturn rulings that permit abortion, same-sex marriage, affirmitive action programs |
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Socialism
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a governmental system where some of the means of production are controlled by the state and where the state provides key human walfare services like health care and old age assistance.
<b>Allows for free markets in other activities |
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Communism
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A belief that the state owns property in common for all people and a single political party that represents the working classes controls the government
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Libertarianism
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Would limit government to such vital activities as national defense while fostering individual liberty. Unlike conservatives, libertarians oppose all government regulation, even of personal morality
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pg. 176
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Panel Surveys
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Interviewing same sample more than once--since polls are really only snapshots at one point in time and public opinion can change hour by hour
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Public Opinion is the study of INDIVIDUALS not groups
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True
Consensus is when a substantial % agree on an issue POlarized is when a group of individuals gravitate to one of two viewpoints (vietnam war, gay marriage, etc.) |
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Intensity is measured using a
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SCALE
"How strongly do you feel about X" People's experiences will influence the intensity of their opinion |
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Latency
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when people hold political opinions but DO NOT fully express them.
can be aroused by leaders or event sand thereby motivate people to support them |
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Salience
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issues that people believe are important to them.
Salience and intensity are often correlated on the same issue! |
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Candidates use polls to learn how to talk about issues in ways that resonate with the public
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use polls to determine where, how , and even whether to campaign
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Political Ideology
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Conservatism
Liberalism Socialism Libertarianism |
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Liberalism
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in the 18th century CLASSICAL liberals favored LIMITED government and sought to protect people from governmental harrasment.
Over time focus on individual importance has changed, but now Liberals view Government as needing to play a larger role |
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Contemporary Liberals
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refers to a belief that government can bring about justice and equality of opportunity. Modern-day liberals wish to preserve the rights of the individual and the right to own private property
Government however can overcome shortcomings of Capitalism equal access to health care, housing, and education for ALL rising taxes, affirmative action programs, gay-marriage, abortion |
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Criticisms of Liberalism
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rely to much on Govt.
higher taxes and bureaucracy do NOT solve nations problems forgotten that Government was created to protect individual rights, not direct individual rights. welfare and regulatory state will destroy individual initiative |
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Conservatism
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belief in private property rights, free enterprise.
Conservatives want to enhance individual liberty by keeping government small--but supporting strong national defense more pessimistic view of human nature--people are architects of their own successes and faiures |
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Traditional Conservatives
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Emphatically PRO-business
favor tax cuts, and limited business regulations. sole function of government is to protect nation from foreign enemies, preserve law and order, enforce private contracts, encourage economic growth (capitalism), |
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Social Conservatives
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Favor strong governmental action to protect children from Porn and drugs.
less about economics and more about morality and lifestyle |
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Critics of Conservatism
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to much faith in market economy
rich are getting richer and poor are getting poorer |
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Socialism
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economic and governmental system based on public ownership of some of the means of production and exchange and a wider frole for government in providing social programs
Marx described socialism as the transitional state between capitalism and communism. |
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Communism
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the state owns property in common for all the people, and a single political party that represents the working classes controls the government
Cuba, China--no opposition |
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Libertarianism
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Sharply limited government
oppose nearly ALL government programs. MASSIVE cuts in government spending an end to FBI, CIA, IRS Oppose role we play in international scene and believe military should be ONLY for our defense--leave everyone else to themselves |
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distribution of ideology has remained remarkably consistent
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Conservatives outnumber liberals
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Protest is a form of political participation
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US is remarkably tolerant of protest that is nOT destructive or violent
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Internet helped campaigns organize more effectively
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easier to contact individuals
Social Media |
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Voter Registration
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rose in response to concerns about voting abuses.
requires voters to take an extra step--fill out a form at the county courthouse when renewing a driver's license or with a roving registrat motor voter = apply for voting while renewing drivers licence |
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US holds more elections for more offices than any other democracy
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General elections (office holders)
Primary Elections (party nominees) Special Elections (replace House of Reps) Presidential Elections Midterm elections (every 2 years) -elect 1/3 of the U.S. Senate, all members of House of Reps, many governors, statewide office holders, and state legislators |
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Turnout
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the % of voting age public that votes is higher in general elections than in primary elections, higher in primary elects than in special elctions
Presidential Elections > midterm general elections Presidential primary elections > midterm primary elections |
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Voting
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<b>Depends heavily on education level.
higher education = greater propensity to vote</b> Race is often tied to education and as a result voting turnout Age is highly correlated with propensity to vote |
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Mobilization
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Party ID
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<b>an informal and subjective affirmation</b> with a political party that most people acquire in childhood
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Candidate Appeal
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candidate centered politics means that voters rely on the candidates and the perception of the candidates instead of on issues
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ISSUES have LESS influence on how people vote than party ID and candidate appeal do
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true
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Wedge Issues
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issues that motivate particular segments of the electorate to vote and on which the opposing candidate or party has a less popular position.
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Prospective Issue Voting
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voting on what a candidate pledges to do
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Retrospective issue voting
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holding incumbents responsible for past performance on issues
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