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46 Cards in this Set
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Protozoa
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are Eukaraya living organism, under Protistasubkindom, next to algea. Single celled. DO NOT have tissue level organization. have locomotor structures such as flagella, cillia or pseudopods. reproduce asexually through mitosis or mutiple fission. & sexually through conjugation.
identification; microscopy on specimen such as blood, feces, sputum and CSF. exist in cysts(dormant stage) & Tropozoite (vegetative stage) HAVE NO CELL WALL. may have glycocalyx & pellicle. It has cytoplasm enclosed in plasma membrane in which are found the organelles such as Nucleus, ribosomes, ER, golgi, mitochondria, cytoskeleton. most are unicellular, free living in moist area, most are harmless. some are parasites that can cause disease. live on another living cell for food and space and harm the host. (carrier) spread by insect vector. All are heterotrophic; feed by engulfng other microbes and organic matter. |
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Algae
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varies in chemical composition substances commonly found
include;cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate. photosynthetic organisml produce large portion of atmospheric O2 , Chloroplast. are Found in fresh water and marine water they provide basis of food web in most water habitats. They Are; Eukaryotic cells that have cytoplasm enclosed in plasma membrane and organelles found include, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast(with chlorophtll and other pigments need for photosynthesis), ribosomes, ER, golgi, cytoskeleton etc. are generally nonmotile, if they are they have flagella. they can be microscopic forms:unicellular colonia, filamentous or macroscopic forms: colonial and multicelluar. they are classified based o theri cell wall type and pigment such as red, green brown ect. dont normally cause any infectious diseases in humans, and are important serving as the source of food additives; sea weed; ice cream thickner. ancestor for future plants, making marine animals sick known as dinoflagellates(red tide) |
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fungi
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Study of fungus is called mycolog 100,000 species divided into 2 groups:
macroscopic fungi : (mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi) : considered as multicellular two types, yeast and hypha two morphologies, yeast (roundoviod shape undergo asexual repro. give raise to bud that separate from its parent cell.) pseudohypae.(cells after division remain attach to one another giving it a filamentous structure. microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts): single celled. Classification based on structure: Septate: The long filament compartmented Nonseptate: When not compartmented. Classification based on function Vegetative hyphae: absorb nutrients from the substrate. Reproductive hyphae: modified vegetative hyphae have on their surface reproductive structures spores |
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helminths
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multicellular animals, tissues differentation, special organs for reproduction, digestion, movement. diff type of worms pin worm(everywhere) and tape worm(tropical).
Life Cycle: Their adult forms are macroscopic (1mm – 25 m) Larval and egg stages are microscopic. Most have well-developed reproductive system sex organs that produce eggs and sperm. Have mouthparts such as suckers for attachment to or digestion of host tissues Absorb host nutrients |
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endosymbiotic theory
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Evolution of eukaryotes.
According to the theory Eucaryotic cell evolved about 2 billion years ago How? Some bacteria were ingested by a nucleated host cell as food .Ingested bacteria remained in the host cell and multiplied. Host cell and the ingested cell established a symbiotic relationship. E.g. Mitochondria ( aerobic bacteria) and Chloroplasts (photosynthetic bacteria) Proof: Ribosomes of bacteria and above organelles are similar in structure and function Inner membrane of bacteria and the above organelles are similar in structure and function rRNA sequence similarity Single chromosome in bacteria, and above organelles. |
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organelle
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is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function. membran-bound organelles, ex lysosomes, ER. the membrane make up is similar in structure and function to plasma membrane.
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flagella
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locomotory appengage. built from polumers of tublin protein called as microtubules.
LONG and covered in a cell memebrane sheath and one per cell. Chemotaxis: Motility towards food and away from toxins |
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cillia
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locomotory appengage. built from polumers of tublin protein called as microtubules.
SHORT and several in number, found only on a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells. function is motility, feeding and filtering. |
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cell wall
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fungi; two layer of polysaccharide fibers. outer layer mixed glycans
inner layer chitin or cellulose & algae;varies in chemical composition substances commonly found include;cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate function; rigid thus provides structural support and shape. |
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glycocalyx
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outermost boudary has contact with external environment. composed of polysaccharides are either slime layer or capsule. are more common in animal cells. functions; adherence, protection, signal reception.
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fluid mosoic model of plasma membrane
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typical bi layer of phospholipids and proteins.
protein can be peripheral and integral membrane proteins. sterols derived from cholesterol provide rigidity. function; selectively permeable barrier, transport across the membrane, secretion of cellular components. |
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cytoplasm
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Fluid environment
Enclosed by plasma membrane Made of Water solvent in which , proteins, and other macromolecules are found Houses the enzymes necessary for the metabolic and synthetic activities of the cell In it are suspended various organelles |
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ribosomes
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internal structures; Several small structures found in the cytoplasm
composed of rRNA and proteins Build from two subunits 40S and 60S subunits To form 80S ribosomes larger than procaryotic ribosomes site where protein synthesis takes place. |
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nucleus
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internal structure, Nucleus is enclosed in
nuclear envelope structure composed of two phospholipid bilayer membranes separated by a narrow space and is perforated with nuclear pores : Functions of nuclear envelope selectively permeable Stores genetic material: chromosomes ( DNA& histone proteins. nucleolus – dark area in the nucleus Function: rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly. Nuclear matrix: cytoplasm of nucleus chromosome replication and gene transcription take place. Chromatin: made of DNA and proteins on package forms chromosomes Several per cell Multiples of two Store information for the cell |
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ER
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Endoplasmic
reticulum – tubular structures that help in transport of cellular components and storage Two types Smooth endoplasmic reticulum closed tubular. Rough endoplasmic reticulum Attached with ribosomes originates from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelop and extends in a continuous network through cytoplasm; appears rough under EM due to attached ribosomes; Function: Secretory proteins are synthesized and transported through ER to golgi for packaging |
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Golgi
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Nucleus>ER> Golgi.
consists of a stack of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae closely associated with ER Transitional vesicles containing proteins arise from the ER Transported to to the Golgi apparatus Where they further undergo modification ( addition of sugars) and maturation. Packaged into vesicles Transported to organelles or secretory proteins to the outside |
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transcription
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information from the
chromosomal gene is copied to mRNA Nucleus |
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translation
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message in the mRNA
is deciphered in to polypeptide In the cytoplasm Aided by ribosomes attached to ER Modified and packaged by Golgi Delivered to the specific location for perform a functio |
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lysosomes
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Membrane bound vesicles filled
with hydrolytic enzymes originate from Golgi apparatus work as digestive organelles Remove dead and damaged tissue Attach to food vacuoles and aid in intracellular digestion of food particles provide protection against invading microbes by digesting them |
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mitochondria
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Structure: consists of an
outer membrane and an inner membrane with folds called cristae Cristae hold the enzymes and electron carriers for aerobic respiration. In the matrix are found Enzymes and ribosomes and chromosome divide independently of cell Function: energy production Location: found in the cytoplasm of All eucaryotic cells Their # in a cell depends on the energy needs of the cell |
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chloroplast
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Location:
found in algae and plant cells # varies from cell to cell larger than mitochondria Structure: outer membrane encloses Matrix called as stroma enzymes for photosynthesis located inner membrane folded into sacs, thylakoids, stacked into grana photosynthetic pigments found Function: convert sunlight energy to chemical energy by photosynthesis primary producers of organic nutrients for other organisms |
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cytoskeleton
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Aid in anchoring organelles, general support
flexible framework of proteins in the cytoplasm build from network of microfilaments : thin strands made from actin protein Aid in cytoplasmic movement, amoeboid movement microtubules : hollow tubes made from tubulin protein aid in movement of chromosomes during cell division Aid in locomotion using cilia and flagella |
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hyphaea
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long filamentous fungi or
molds |
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dimorphic fungi
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Exist in hyphae and
yeast Depending on the temperature characteristic of some pathogenic molds E.g. Candida |
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mold
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microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts):
single celled |
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saprobe
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Fungi are called Saprobes or saprotroph or
saprophyte living off dead plants and animals Secrete enzymes that breakup complex macromolecules (feathers, hair, wood) into simple molecules That are easily absorbed through plasma membrane |
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saphophyte
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zygospores, (bread mold)
Fungi are called Saprobes or saprotroph or saprophyte living off dead plants and animals Secrete enzymes that breakup complex macromolecules (feathers, hair, wood) into simple molecules That are easily absorbed through plasma membrane |
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parasite
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living on the tissues of other organisms,
causing fungal infections called mycoses |
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asexual reproduction
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Spores are formed on reproductive hyphae of
a single parent By the process: mitosis and or budding Daughter cells are identical to the parent cell. spores can be of two types Spores are released when the sac ruptures |
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sexual reproduction
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Follows the process of meiosis
Male and female reproductive hyphae fuse With genetic differences Results in the formation of sexual spores By meiosis The sexual spores are different from the parental cells Sexual spores and sporeforming structures are one of basis for classification. Three types of sexual spores Zygospores Ascospore Basidiospores |
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Sporangiospores :
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formed in a sac known as
sporangium The cell undergoes successive cleavages by mitosis Attached to a stack |
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Conidiospores:
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( 5 different types)
Free spores, Formed as a result of pinching of the tip or segmentation |
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Superficial mycosis:
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affects outer epidermis, hair, nails, dermis, mucous
membranes Candidiasis or yeast infection: nails, skin, mucous membrane Ringworm( dermatophytosis): scalp, hair Athlete’s foot: feet |
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Systemic infections
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begins in lungs and spreads to various organs by
blood circulation Lung: Coccidiomycosis: san Jiaquin valley fever) Lung and skin: paracoccidiomycosis (South American blastomycosis) |
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Roundworms (nematodes)-
• round, |
• a complete digestive tract,
• a protective surface cuticle on the surface of the body, • spines and hooks on mouth; • excretory and nervous systems poorly developed • Sexual dimorphism • Sexes are separate • Reproductive system is well developed |
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larva
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when egg is mature. then enter definitive host, When intermediate host is
eaten without being properly processed E.g. dog tape worm, pork tape worm,Blood fluke, sheep liver worm |
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definitive host
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final host. adulthood and mating occurs.
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intermediate host
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second host. transport host. where larva is development occurs.
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flatworms
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flat, no definite body cavity
• digestive tract is a blind pouch; • simple excretory and nervous systems • Hermophrodites ( male and female sex organs in one organism) • Class cestodes (tapeworms) : segmented body • Segments are called proglotids • The first segment is referred to as scolex that helps in anchoring to the host using suckers • Class Trematodes or flukes, are flattened , nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts |
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zygospores
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A spore enclosed in thick
cell wall,Several spores,Saphrophytes e.g. Rhizopus ( bread mold) |
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ascospores
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Formed in a sac like
structure,Eight spores/ascus,Molds, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Yeast |
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basidiospores
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Formed on a base
pedestal,4 spores /basidium,mushrooms |
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Subkingdom Mastigomycota:
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found in water
Cause diseases in potatoes and grapes |
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Subkingdom Amastigomycota
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Found on terrestrial habitat
Several are human pathogens |
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fungal reproduction
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Fungal reproduction is mediated by
spores Unlike bacterial endospores, they are not heat resistant and can be easily killed by disinfecatants Give raise to future generation of the fungi They are light weight Fungal spores are dispersed through air, water and other living things Germinate when they find the favorable environment producing new fungal colony. Spores are also used to classify fungi into various groups Spores are produced by two modes of reproduction Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction |
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roles of fungi.
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Beneficial impact;decomposers of dead plants and animals
sources of antibiotics, alcohol (yeast), organic acids, vitamins used in making foods( cheese) and in genetic studies First organism to arise when the nature is destroyed by natural disasters. Adverse impact;mycoses, allergies, toxin production Aflotoxin produced by mold Aspergillus flavus: diseases in domestic animals destruction of crops and stored food Destruction of crops and trees: Irish famine |
