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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the size range for prokaryotes? |
0.2-2.0 um |
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Do prokaryotes have a nucleus or nuclear membrane? |
No |
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Do prokaryotes have organelles? |
no |
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Do prokaryotes have a cell wall? |
Yes, with peptidoglycan |
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Name 3 descriptions of the DNA in prokaryotes. |
Singular. Circularly arranged. No histones |
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How do prokaryotes divide? |
binary fission |
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What is the size range of eukaryotes? |
10-100 um |
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Do eukaryotes have a nucleus? |
Yes, within nuclear membrane |
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Do eukaryotes have organelles? |
Yes |
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Do eukaryotes have a cell wall? |
Yes, but when present, very simple. Not found in animals or helminths. |
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How do eukaryotes reproduce? |
mitosis |
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Name 3 attributes of eukaryotic DNA |
Multiple. Linear. Contains histones |
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What is morphology? |
Size, shape, and arrangement |
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What is arrangement based on? |
Plane of division |
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What do you call a pair of cocci that divides in one plane? |
diplococci |
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What is a chain of cocci that divides in one plane? |
streptococci |
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What is a cluster of cocci that divides in all 3 planes of division? |
staphylococci |
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What divides in two planes and is in a group of 4? |
tetrad |
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What divides in 3 planes and is in a group of 8? |
sarcinae |
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What divides in multiple planes and forms grapelike clusters or broad sheets? |
staphylococci |
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What do you call a group of bacilli that are oval, almost appearing to be cocci? |
coccobacilli |
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What do you call bacteria that look like curved rods? |
vibrio |
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What do you call spirilla that is not as rigid and has more twists and turns? |
spirochetes |
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Name 3 functions of bacteria cell wall. |
#1 provides shape #2 prevents osmotic lyses #3 helpful identifying organism |
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What allows us to be able to differentiate between gram+ and gram-? |
peptidoglycan |
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What are the 2 main sugar units that make up peptidoglycan? |
NAG and NAM |
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What connects rows of sugar units that make up peptidoglycan? |
polypeptides |
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Gram+: 1. Peptidoglycan? 2. Teiochoic acid? 3. LPS membrane? 4. Does it produce exotoxins? |
1. Thick 2. Yes 3. No 4. Yes |
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How is teichoic acid charged? |
Negatively |
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What does teichoic acid's charge allow Gram+ bacteria cells to do? |
Bond and move cations (positive ions) into and out of the cell |
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Name four roles of teichoic acid. |
1. role in cell growth 2. prevents cell wall damage 3. helps prevent lysis 4. identification of bacteria |
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Gram- cell wall 1. Peptidoglycan layer? 2. Teichoic acid? 3. LPS membrane? 4. Produces:? |
1. Thin 2. No 3. Yes, outer membrane is made of LPS 4. Produces endotoxins |
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What is on the outer membrane of a Gram- bacteria? |
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) |
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What is LPS made of? |
1. Lipid A 2. core polysaccharide 3. O polysaccharide |
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What is Lipid A's function? |
endotoxin |
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What is O-polysaccharide's purpose? |
Identification |
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Why does the third step, decolorization (with alcohol), leave Gram- bacteria colorless? |
The alcohol dissolves the outer membrane of the cell, also creating small holes in thin peptidoglycan layer. This allows the crystal violet to diffuse out of the cell. |
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Why does decolorization not leave Gram+ bacteria colorless? |
The alcohol dehydrates thick peptidoglycan, making it impermeable to the crystal violet. |
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What are the only prokaryotes known to have sterols in their plasma membrane? |
Mycoplasma |
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Why won't an antibody targeting cell walls work on mycoplasma? |
Very little to no cell walls |
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Why were mycoplasmas first thought to be viruses? |
Because they are very small, and pass through bacterial filters |
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What is the scientific name for primary atypical pneumoniae? |
Mycoplasma pneumonia |
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What makes up the wall of Mycobacterium? |
Mycolic acid |
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Mycobacterium (tuberculosis) is the only bacteria to hold: |
fuschia stain |
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What enzyme targets Gram+ cells by breaking apart the bond of NAG and NAM? |
Lysozyme |
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Where is lysozyme found in human body? |
body secretions (tears, mucus, etc) |
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What prevents polypeptide formations in Gram+ cells? |
penicillin |
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What is the sticky, viscous sugar coat excreted by prokaryotes? |
glycocalyx |
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What is a firm, attached presence of glycocalyx known as? |
capsule glycocalyx |
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What is an unorganized, loose layer of glycocalyx known as? |
slime layer |
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Name 4 functions of capsule glycocalyx. |
1. escape phytocytosis 2. energy source (as needed) 3. prevents loss of nutrients and water 4. attachment to tissues |
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When all flagella work together in unison, the prokaryote is: |
running |
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When there is no uniform movement of flagella, which is attempting to change direction, the prokaryote is: |
tumbling |
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Bacteria _______ toward positive stimuli. |
run |
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Bacteria _________ from negative stimuli. |
tumble |
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When there is a single flagella at one end, it is called: |
monotrichous |
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When there is a tuft of flagella at one or both ends, it is called: |
Amphitrichous |
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When there are more than 2 flagella at one or both ends, but usually just one end, it is: |
Lophotrichous |
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When there are several flagella all over the bacterial cell, it is: |
Peritrichous |
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What is the small, hair-like structure found all over a bacteria, and numbering in the hundreds? |
Fimbriae |
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What is the purpose of fimbriae? |
attachment |
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What is the purpose of pili? |
Transfer genetic material from donor cell to recipient cell |
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How man pili does a cell have? |
1 or 2 |
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What is plasma membrane made of? |
phospholipids and proteins |
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Except for Mycoplasma, what is not found in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes? |
sterols |
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In the plasma membrane, what do the phospholipids form? |
lipid bilayer |
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What are the 2 proteins found in the plasma membrane? |
peripheral, integral |
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Which protein in the plasma membrane provides support in a scaffold manner? |
Peripheral |
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Which protein in the plasma membrane forms a channel across the lipid bilayer, allowing passage of certain molecules in and out? |
Integral |
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The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in the plasma membrane that allows integral proteins to do their job without harming the structure of the membrane is known as: |
Fluid-mosaic model |
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What is the substance of a prokaryotic cell inside of the plasma membrane? |
Cytoplasm |
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What are the 3 major structures found in the cytoplasm? |
nucleoid, ribosomes, inclusions |
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In addition to a single DNA chromosome, there are small genetic elements that can self replicate known as: |
Plasmids |
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Are plasmids dependent on chromosome? |
No |
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How many (noncrucial) genes does a plasmid carry? |
5-100 |
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Where in the cytoplasm is protein synthesized? |
Ribosomes |
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Where in the cytoplasm are the reserve deposites, which usually store fat? |
Inclusions |
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Endospores take place only in ____________ bacteria. |
Gram+ |
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What 2 bacterial species are guaranteed to make endospores? |
Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp. |
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What kind of environment are endospores created? |
Adverse, by stressed bacteria |
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The process of endospore formation in a vegetative cell is known as: |
sporulation |
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When an endospore returns to its vegetative cell, it is known as: |
germination |
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What is inside of an endospore? |
DNA of vegetative cell and proteins to get by
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