Chp 3

Front 1

What are the cells that receive, intigrate and transmit info by generating an electrochemical signal?

Back 1

Neurons

Front 2

What are the 3 main types of neurons and what do they do?

Back 2

Sensory Neurons- make initial contact with environment and carry message inward to spinal cord/brain
Interneurons- Do not make contact with environment but communicate information from one neuron to another
Motor neurons-Carry info from central nervous system to muscles/glands which produce behavioral responses

Front 3

What type of functions do glial cells perform? Problems with glial cells can result in what?

Back 3

Removing waste, filling empty space, and help neurons communicate efficiently
Can result in brain dysfuntion such as alztimers disease and brain cancer

Front 4

An insulating material that protects axons of neurons from interference of other neutrons and helps speed up neural transmission

Back 4

Myelin sheath

Front 5

A branchlike fiber that extends outward from a neuron and receives info from other neurons

Back 5

Dentrites

Front 6

Once received at the dentrite, the message is transmitted to the main body of the cell, called ______, where an electrical signal called an action _______ is produced

Back 6

soma, potential

Front 7

The long, tail-like part of the neuron that acts as a transmiting device

Back 7

axon

Front 8

The axon is covered with an insulating material called the myelin sheath, which has small gaps that are called what? What do they do?

Back 8

nodes of Ranvier, they help speed the nerve impulse along the axon

Front 9

The tiny swelling at the end of the neuron's axon

Back 9

Terminal button

Front 10

The small gap between a terminal button of one neuron and the dentrite of another

Back 10

Synapse

Front 11

A tiny electrical charge in place between the inside and the outside of the resting neuron is called what and how does it help the cell?

Back 11

Resting potential, helps the cell respond quickly when its stimulated by other neurons

Front 12

How do excitatory and inhibitory messages differ?

Back 12

Basically, excitatory increases the chances of action potential, while inhibitory decreases the chances (p. 80)

Front 13

The action potential will travel down the axon at the same speed regardless of ________ of the message (think about the trigger on a gun example)

Back 13

intensity

Front 14

The all-or-none electrical signal that travels down a neuron's axon

Back 14

action potential

Front 15

The number of action potentials per unit of time is called the ______ of a neuron

Back 15

firing rate

Front 16

The period during which another action potential cannot yet be generated is called what?

Back 16

refractory period

Front 17

What are the chemical messangers that spill out into the synapse called?

Back 17

neurotransmitters

Front 18

What is one of the main roles that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine plays?

Back 18

tends to create excitatory messages that lead to muscle contractions

Front 19

Decreased levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine can lead to what, and increased levels can lead to what?

Back 19

Parkinson's disease, schizo

Front 20

Serotonin is linked to what everyday occurence and what psychological disorders?

Back 20

Sleep, dreaming
depression, schizo

Front 21

Which neurotransmitter plays a role in regulating anxiety?

Back 21

gamma-anino-butyric-acid (GABA)

Front 22

What morphine-like chemical acts as the brain's natural painkiller in times of stress or exertion?

Back 22

Endorphins

Front 23

How much of the brain do people use?

Back 23

100%

Front 24

Automatic body movement that is controlled by a simple network of sensory neurons, interneurons in the spinal cord and motor neurons; requires no interaction with brain

Back 24

reflex

Front 25

Ability of neurons to alter synaptic connections during learning and during recovery from brain injury

Back 25

neural plasticity

Front 26

What two major parts is the nervous system made up of?

Back 26

the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the periperal nervous system (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord)

Front 27

What part of the peripheral nervous system transmits information from sersory organs to the brain, and then to the skeletal muscles

Back 27

somatic system

Front 28

What part of peripheral system controls heart rate, digestion, blood pressure etc...

Back 28

autonomic system

Front 29

What part of the autonomic system helps the body respond to emergencies?

Back 29

sympathetic system

Front 30

What part of autonomic system helps body calm down?

Back 30

parasympathetic system

Front 31

Magnetic energy applied to scalp, propogating action potentials among neurons in certain areas of the brain is called what?

Back 31

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Front 32

This device is used to monitor the to monitor the electrical activity of the brain by measuring changes in the electrical fields on the scalp; brain disorders can sometimes be detected on this device

Back 32

electroencephalograph (EEG)

Front 33

Computer presented stimuli that allow researchers to produce graphs depicting average increases and decreases in the cortex after stimulus presented; the EEG patterns

Back 33

event-related potentials (ERP)

Front 34

Abnormalties in brain tissue can be obtained with what?

Back 34

CT Scan (computerized tomography scan)

Front 35

PET scans are used for what?

Back 35

Revealing which brain areas are more or less active in particular tasks

Front 36

MRI are used for what?

Back 36

Displaying a 3-D image of the brain

Front 37

What primitive part of the brain sits where the brain and the spinal cord merge?

Back 37

Hindbrain

Front 38

What part of brain deals with motor skills (part of hindbrain)
means little brain

Back 38

cerebellum

Front 39

Which part helps coordinate reactions to sensory events?

Back 39

midbrain

Front 40

The outer part of the brain, the forebrain, contains which structures?

Back 40

cerebral cortex and structures of limbic system

Front 41

Which part of the brain is "the seat" of the highest mental processes?

Back 41

cerebral cortex

Front 42

What part is an important gathering point for input from the senses?

Back 42

Thalamus

Front 43

Structure that regulates motivational activities like eating, drinking and sexual behavior

Back 43

hypothalamus

Front 44

What is central to formulating memories? Emotional behaviors?

Back 44

hypocampus and amygdala (part of the limbic system)

Front 45

Cortex has two hemispheres L and R. Left controls what and Right controls what

Back 45

L: sensory and motor functions for right side side of body R controls for left side corpus callosum serves as communication between the two

Front 46

Which of the four anamotical regions of the cerebral cortex contain the motor cortex involved in initiating higher level thought?

Back 46

frontal lobes

Front 47

Which part controls your sense of touch?

Back 47

parietal loves

Front 48

which aspect controls of speech and language perception?

Back 48

temporal lobes

Front 49

visual processing?

Back 49

occipital lobes

Front 50

The asymmetry in the functions of the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Back 50

lateralization

Front 51

Network of glands that use bloodstream to send chemical messages that regulate growth and other internal functions

Back 51

endocrine system

Front 52

chemicals released into bloodsteam by endocentrine glands to help control internal regulatory functions

Back 52

hormones

Front 53

Controls the release of hormones from other glands in response to signals from the hypothalamus

Back 53

pituitary gland

Front 54

The gland that secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine into the bloodstream

Back 54

adrenal glands

Front 55

Hormones that cause surge to increase heart rate, makes glucose availble to muscles

Back 55

norepinephrine, epinephrine