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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hazardous materials
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Substances that can be dangerous to human health or the environment if not properly controlled
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Dangerous goods
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a. Alternate term for hazardous materials, used in Canada and other countries
b. U.S. or Canadian term for hazardous materials aboard an aircraft |
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3. Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
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Weaponsor devices that can cause death or serious injury to a large number of people
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Causes of hazardous materials incidents
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a. Human error
b. Mechanical malfunction c. Container failure d. Transportation accidents e. Vandalism or terrorism |
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Safelymitigating hazardous materials incidents--E09ye*
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a. Understand variety of hazardous materials encountered
b. Understand potential health effects of materials c. Understand physical hazards associated with materials |
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The presence of hazardous materials may significantly change what?
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mitigation strategies and tactics.
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what are the hazard types
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Acutehealth effects
Chronic health effects |
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Short-term conditions that appear within hours or days
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Acute health effects
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Long-term conditions that may take years to appear
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Chronic health effects
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A. Thermal Hazards Involve
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Involve extreme heat or cold
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a. Include molten sulfur and molten aluminum
b. Can cause lethal burns and create fire, steam, and explosions c. Increase heat stress caused by wearing personal protective equipment |
Elevated temperature materials
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a. Liquefied gases – Gases that become partially liquid at 70°F (21°C) under charging pressure
b. Cryogens – Gases that turn into liquid at or below -130°F (-90°C) at 14.7 psi (101 kPa) {1.01 bar} c. Typically stored and transported in liquid states d. Can freeze other materials on contact |
Low temperatures
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Radiological Hazards
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1. Most common at medical centers, nuclear power plants, research facilities, and transportation incidents
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Least energetic type of radiation
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Nonionizing
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Most energetic; most hazardous
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Ionizing
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Types of ionizing radiation
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a. Alpha radiation
b. Beta radiation c. Gamma radiation d. Neutron radiation |
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a. Alpha radiation
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i. Emitted from the nucleus of heavy radioactive elements
ii. Lose energy rapidly when traveling through matter iii. Can be stopped by a sheet of paper iv. Can be completely blocked by outer layer of human skin v. Can be very harmful if ingested or inhaled |
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b. Beta radiation
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i. Emitted from the nucleus of radioactive elements such as tritium, carbon-14, and strontium-90
ii. Fast-moving iii. More penetrating than alpha particles iv. Can penetrate outer layer of skin v. Can cause radiation damage to body vi. More harmful if ingested or inhaled vii. Can travel up to 20 feet (6 m) through air, but lose energy quickly viii. After traveling, can be stopped by layer of clothing or .08 inches (2 mm) of aluminum |
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c. Gamma radiation
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i. Consists of high-energy photons that often accompany emission of alpha or beta particles from a nucleus
ii. Has no mass and electric charge iii. Highly penetrating iv. Can easily pass through human body v. Can be stopped by approximately two inches (50 mm) of lead, two feet (0.6 m) of concrete, or several feet (meters) of earth vi. Cannot be stopped by standard fire fighting protective clothing |
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d. Neutron radiation
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i. Produced by fission reactions
ii. Typically found in research laboratories and nuclear power plants iii. Ultrahigh energy particles iv. Has mass but no electrical charge v. More penetrating than gamma rays vi. Difficult to measure in the field; usually estimated based on gamma measurements |
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Radiationhealth hazards
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Acute doses
Chronic doses |
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a. Acute doses
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i. Received over a short period of timeii. May have no long-term effectsiii. May produce hair loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, or reduced blood countiv. Can be lethal if quantity is great enough
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b. Chronic doses
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i. Small amounts received over long period of time
ii. Health effects typically take years to develop iii. Can eventually be lethal |
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D. Asphyxiation Hazards
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a. Prevent body from absorbing oxygen
b. Can result in death by suffocation |
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2. Simple asphyxiants
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Gases that displace oxygen
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3. Chemical asphyxiants
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Prohibit body from processing available oxygen
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E. Chemical Hazards
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1. Poisons/Toxins
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1. Poisons/Toxins
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a. Can cause injury at the site they contact the body
b. Can cause local damage to the skin when touched or localized toxic effects in the respiratory tract when inhaled c. Can produce systemic effects when absorbed into bloodstream d. Can have immediate, acute effects or delayed, chronic effects e. Some produce combination of local and systemic effects Concentrations that can cause death or serious illness/injury – Immediatelydangerous to life or health (IDLH)mso-bi\0no |
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Corrosives
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a. Chemicals that cause permanent damage to anything they touch
b. Can corrode metal and burn human tissue |
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c. Acids
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i. Chemicals that break down in water to yield hydrogen ions
ii. Have pH values of 0 to 6.9 iii. Contact causes immediate pain and either severe chemical burns or permanent eye damage |
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d. Bases
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i. Water-soluble compounds that break apart in water, forming negatively charged hydroxide ions
ii. Have pH values of 8 to 14 iii. Contact does not cause immediate pain iv. Can cause severe eye damage v. Break down fatty skin tissues vi. Can penetrate deeply into body e. Can react violently when mixed together or with water |
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Irritants
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a. Cause temporary but sometimes severe inflammation to eyes, skin, or respiratory system
b. May be found in fertilizers, disinfectants, and solvents |
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4. Convulsants
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a. Cause involuntary muscle contraction
b. Can cause death through asphyxiation or exhaustion |
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5. Carcinogens
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Cancer-causing agents
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b. Examples of Carcinogens
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i. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
ii. Benzene iii. Asbestos iv. Some chlorinated hydrocarbons v. Arsenic vi. Nickel vii. Some pesticides viii. Many plastics |
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6. Sensitizers/Allergens
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a. Cause allergic reactions
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Sensitizers/Allergens Examples
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Latex, bleach, urushiol
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F. Etiological or Biological Hazards
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Microorganisms that cause severe illness or disease
Exposure most likely occurs from encounters with infected people, or accidental or deliberate exposure |
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a. Viruses
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i. Reproduce in living cells of hosts
ii. Do not respond to antibiotics |
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b. Bacteria
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i. Single-celled organisms
ii. Do not typically cause disease, but harmful bacteria can invade tissues or produce toxins |
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c. Rickettsias
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i. Specialized bacteria spread by infected fleas, ticks, and lice
ii. Single-celled organisms iii. Respond to antibiotics iv. Reproduce only in living cells |
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d. Biological toxins
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i. Produced by living organisms, even though the organism itself is usually not harmful
ii. Can be produced in laboratories as biological weapons |
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5. Potential biological weapons
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a. Smallpox (virus)
b. Anthrax (bacteria) c. Botulism (toxin) |
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Mechanical Hazards
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Cause injury through blunt physical force
Typically result from explosion caused by bomb or improvised explosive device (IED), the failure of pressurized container, or reactivity of hazardous materials |
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3. Three types created by explosions
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a. Blast-pressure wave
b. Shrapnel fragmentation c. Seismic effect |
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a. Blast-pressure wave
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i. Rapidly released gases create a shock wave that travels outward from the center of the blast, causing most of the injuries and damage
ii. The farther the wave travels, the more its force diminishes |
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b. Shrapnel fragmentation
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Debris thrown outwards in all directions,typically small pieces of the ruptured container or structure
Damages nearby objects and causes potentiallyfatal injuriesn><~0L8o |
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Seismic effect
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Blasts near ground level create shock waves
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ROUTES OF ENTRY
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Inhalation
Ingestion Contact Absorption |
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A. Inhalation
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1. Breathing in hazardous vapors, smoke, gases, fumes, liquid aerosols, and suspended dusts
2. Requires respiratory protection |
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Ingestion
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– Swallowing, either deliberately or accidentally
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C. Contact
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1. Skin or some other exposed surface touches a solid, liquid, or gaseous hazardous material
2. Damage occurs only at surface level |
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D. Absorption
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1. Material enters body through skin or eyes
2. Many poisons absorbed this way 3. Can result from puncture with a contaminated object |
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A. States ofMatter
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Three states – Gas, liquid, solid
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2. Gaseous hazardous materials
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a. Present in air
b. Create potential inhalation hazard c. Some pose contact hazard d. Extremely difficult to contain |
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3. Liquid hazardous materials
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a. Primarily contact hazard
b. May give off vapors that pose inhalation hazards c. Easier to contain due to flow or pooling |
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4. Solid hazardous materials
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a. If small in size, remain suspended in air for much longer
b. Typically stay in place, but can be moved by exterior forces |
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Most hazardous materials incidents involve
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flammable materials
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2. flammablematerialsBehavior depends on
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a. Flash point
b. Autoignition temperature c. Flammable, combustible, explosive range |
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C. Vapor Pressure
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Measure of a substance’s tendency to evaporate
2. Rises as the temperature increases |
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Boiling Point
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1. Temperature at which
a. Vapor pressure is equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure b. Liquid changes to a gas |
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4. Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE)
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a. When a liquid in a container begins to boil, the increase in vapor pressure may exceed the vessel’s ability to relieve excess pressure
b. The container may fail catastrophically c. As vapor is released, expands rapidly and ignites, sending flames and container pieces in all directions d. Typically occurs when flames contact the tank shell above the liquid level, or there is not enough water to cool the tank shell |
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Vapor Density
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2. Ambient air – Vapor density of 1
3. Less than 1 – Lighter than air 4. Greater than 1 – Heavier than air 5. Most gases – Greater than 1 6. Lighter materials tend to rise and dissipate; heaver vapors tend to concentrate along or under floors |
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F. Solubility
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Percentage of a material that dissolves in water at ambient temperature
2. Can help determine appropriate spill cleanup methods and extinguishing agents |
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SpecificGravity
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density of a substance compared to density of some standard material, typically water
2. Most commonly – Comparison of weight of substance to the weight of equal volume of water 3. Water – Specific gravity of 1 4. Materials with specific gravity less than 1 will float on water; materials with specific gravity greater than 1 will sink 5. Most flammable liquids – Less than 1 |
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H. Persistence
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ability to remain in the environment
2. Persistent chemicals remain effective at point of dispersion for a long time 3. Less persistent chemicals quickly dissipate or break down |
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I. Reactivity
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Ability of a substance to chemically react with other materials
Reactive materials – Unstable chemicals that react violently when combined with air, water, heat, light, or other materials |
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3. Reactivity triangle
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a. Oxidizing agent
b. Reducing agent c. Activation energy source |
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4. Activation energy
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a. Required to get all chemical reactions started
b. Usually supplied by heat, but can come from several other sources |
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5. Oxidizing agent
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a. Provides oxygen necessary for the chemical reaction
b. Strong oxidizers – Materials that readily give off large quantities of oxygen c. Can make a fire burn hotter, faster, and brighter |
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6. Reducing agent
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a. Fuel source for the reaction
b. As combines with oxygen, energy is released c. Some are more volatile than others |
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Polymerization
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a. Another type of chemical reaction
b. Catalyst causes molecules to combine into a chain c. If uncontrolled, tremendous amount of energy can be released |
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8. Inhibitors
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a. Materials that slow down or prevent unwanted chemical reactions
b. Typically added to polymerizing materials, especially during shipping c. Many are time-sensitive |
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General Emergency Behavior Model
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Describes typical sequence of events at incident
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1. Stress
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Thermal
Chemical Mechanical |
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Thermal
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i. Excessive heating or cooling of the container, causing it to expand or contract
ii. May also increase internal pressure and reduce container integrity iii. Signs – Flame impingement on the container, operation of relief valve, or ambient temperature changes |
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b. Chemical
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i. Produce heat and pressure, causing the container to suddenly or gradually deteriorate
ii. Can result from external exposure to corrosives, or an unsuitable mix of chemicals being stored within the container iii. Signs – Visible corrosion; if internal, may be no signs |
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c. Mechanical
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i. Physical force that crushes, cracks, penetrates, or weakens the container wall
ii. Physical force that affects valves and piping iii. Causes – Collision, impact, and excessive internal pressure iv. Signs – Physical damage or operation of relief devices |
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Breach
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a. Type is based on container’s construction material, type of stress, and pressure inside container at time of failure
b. May be partial or total |
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c. Types of breaches
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i. Disintegration – General loss of integrity
ii. Runaway cracking – Single crack that grows rapidly iii. Attachments (closures) open or break – Stress applied to attachments that causes them to open or break off iv. Puncture – Mechanical force that punctures the container v. Split or tear – Failure of the welded seam on a tank or the stitched seam on a bag of fertilizer; typically caused by mechanical or thermal stress |
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a. Detonation – Explosive release of stored chemical energy of a hazardous material
b. Violent rupture – Sudden release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by runaway cracks c. Rapid relief – Sudden release of a pressurized material through holes in the container, or through damaged valves, piping, or attachments d. Spill/leak – Slow release of pressurized material through holes, rips, tears, attachments, or usual openings |
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4. Dispersion/Engulf
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a. Cloud – Ball-shaped pattern in which materials collectively rise above the surface
b. Cone – Cone-shaped pattern with a point source at the breach and a wide base downwind c. Hemispheric – Dome-shaped pattern in which some material stays on the surface, but the rest becomes airborne d. Plume – Irregular airborne pattern influenced by wind and/or terrain e. Pool – Three-dimensional, slow-flowing liquid dispersion f. Stream – Pattern in which liquids flow along the surface, affected by gravity and terrain g. Irregular – A non-geometric pattern, often caused when material is spread by contaminated responders |
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5. Exposure/Contact
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a. Short-term – Seconds, minutes, and hours
b. Medium-term – Days, weeks, and months c. Long-term – Years and generations |
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6. Harm
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a. Some exposures may be harmful to the environment and/or human health
b. Estimates of potential harm always include worst-case scenario |
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A. Identifying Hazardous Materials
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1. Seven numbered clues
a. Higher numbers indicate clue more difficult to detect b. Indicate increasing risk to firefighters 2. Incident may have no indicator of type |
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IDENTIFYING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
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B. Locations and Occupancies
1. Certain occupancies are more likely to house hazardous materials a. Refineries and fuel storage facilities b. Gas/service stations and convenience stores c. Paint supply stores d. Plant nurseries, garden centers, and agricultural facilities e. Pest control and lawn care companies f. Swimming pool supply companies g. Medical facilities h. Photo processing laboratories i. Dry cleaners |
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Identifying Hazardous Materials
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C. Container Types and Shapes
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1. Bulk-capacity fixed-facility containers
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a. Buildings
b. Above and underground storage tanks; aboveground storage tanks are divided into two categories i. Nonpressure or atmospheric tanks – Small or no amount of pressure ii. Pressure tanks (a) Low-pressure storage tanks that have pressures between 0.5 psi and 15 psi (3.45 kPa and 103 kPa) {0.03 bar and 1.03 bar} (b) Pressure vessels that have pressures above 15 psi (103 kPa) {1.03 bar}NOTE: Underground storage tanks may be atmospheric or pressurized. c. Machinery d. Pipelines e. Reactors f. Bins g. Vats h. Storage cabinets i. Other fixed, on-site containers |
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2. Bulk transportation containers
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a. Tank and other rail cars (railroad)
i. Nonpressure tank cars with vapor pressures below 25 psi (172 kPa) {1.7 bar} at 105°F to 115°F (41°C to 46°C) ii. Pressure tank cars with pressures greater than 25 psi (172 kPa) {1.7 bar} at 68°F (20°C) iii. Cryogenic liquid tank cars iv. Hopper cars v. Box cars vi. Special service cars |
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b. Cargo tanks (highway)
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i. Nonpressure liquid tanks
ii. Low-pressure liquid tanks iii. Corrosive liquid tanks iv. High-pressure tanks v. Cryogenic liquid tanks vi. Vacuum loaded tank vii. Compressed-gas/tube trailers viii. Dry bulk cargo tanks |
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c. Intermodal containers (highway, railroad, or marine vessel)
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i. Nonpressure intermodal tanks
ii. Pressure intermodal tanks iii. Specialized intermodal tanks (a) Cryogenic intermodal tanks (b) Tube modules iv. Freight containers |
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3. Intermediate bulk containers
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a. Rigid or flexible portable packaging designed for mechanical handling
b. Maximum capacity – Not more than 3 cubic meters (3,000 L; 793 gal; 106 ft3) c. Minimum capacity – Not less than 0.45 cubic meters (450 L; 119 gal; 15.9 ft3) or a maximum net mass of not less than 400 kilograms (882 lbs) |
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d. Types of 3. Intermediate bulk containers
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i. Flexible (FIBCs)
ii. Rigid (RIBCs) (a) May be used to carry liquids, fertilizers, solvents, and other chemicals (b) May have capacities up to 400 gallons (1 514 L) and pressures up to 100 psi (689 kPa) {6.9 bar} |
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4. Ton containers
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a. Tanks that have capacities of 1 short ton or approximately 2,000 pounds (907 kg or 0.9 tonne)
b. Typically stored on their sides c. Ends are convex or concave with two valves in the center of one end d. Typically contain chlorine e. Often found at water treatment plants and commercial swimming pools |
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5. Nonbulk packaging
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a. Used to transport smaller quantities of hazardous materials than bulk or IBCs
b. Most common types i. Bags ii. Carboys and jerry cans iii. Cylinders iv. Drums v. Dewar flasks |
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6. Containers for radioactive materials
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a. Determined by material’s type, form, and activity
b. Types i. Type A ii. Type B iii. Type C iv. Industrialv. Excepted |
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D. Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings
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1. Regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), Transport Canada (TC), and Mexico’s Ministry of Communications and Transport
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D. Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings
2. Four-digit UN identification numbers |
a. Used in conjunction with illustrated placards in North America
b. Assigned to each individual hazardous material c. Displayed on placards, orange panels, and markings on containers or packaging d. Must be displayed in one of three ways e. Must be displayed on the following containers/packages i. Rail tank cars ii. Cargo tank trucks iii. Portable tanks iv. Bulk packages v. Vehicle containers containing large quantities (at least 8,820 lbs or 4 000 kg) of the same hazardous material in nonbulk packages vi. Certain nonbulk packagesf. Provided in the yellow-bordered section of the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) g. Appear on shipping papers, and should match numbers displayed on exteriors of tanks or shipping containers |
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3. Other North American highway vehicle identification markings
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a. Company names
b. Logos c. Specific tank colors for certain tanks d. Stenciled commodity names e. Manufacturers’ specification plates – Provide information about the standards to which the container/tank was built |
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4. North American railroad tank car markings
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a. Initials (reporting marks) and number
b. Capacity stencil c. Specification marking |
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a. Initials (reporting marks) and number
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i. May be used to get information about the car’s contents and construction from the railroad or the shipper
ii. Found on tank cars; should match shipping papers iii. Stenciled on all four sides of the tank iv. Sometimes stenciled on the top of the car v. Key found in ERG |
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b. Capacity stencil
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i. Shows the volume of the tank
ii. Gallon/liters found on both ends of car under car’s initials and number iii. Pounds/kilograms found on sides of car under car’s initials and number iv. May include water capacity (in pounds/kilograms) on sides of tank, near the center |
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c. Specification marking
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i. Indicates the standards to which a tank car was built
ii. Stenciled on both sides of tank, to right iii. Stamped into tank heads |
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5. International intermodal container/tank markings
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a. Generally found on all four sides of car, to right
b. May be on tank/container or frame |
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1. NFPA® 704 system
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a. Typically used in fixed-storage facilities
b. NOT designed for certain situations or hazards i. Transportation ii. General public use iii. Nonemergency occupational exposures iv. Explosives and blasting agents, including commercial explosive materials v. Chronic health hazards vi. Biological agents and other similar hazards c. Rates the severity of hazards on a scale from 0 to 4; the higher the number, the greater the hazardd. Displays numbers on diamond-shaped marker or sign i. Health – On left; typically blue ii. Flammability – Center; typically red iii. Instability – On right; typically yellow iv. Special hazards – Six o’clock position; typically white (a) W for water-reactive materials (b) OX for oxidizers |
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2. Hazardous communication labels and markings
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a. Required by OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) of all hazardous material containers in the workplace
b. Must identify type of hazardous material, along with appropriate hazard warnings c. Does not include specific marking system |
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3. Canadian Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)
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a. Requires safety data sheets (SDSs) for all hazardous chemicals and markings for all hazardous products
b. Typically provided through supplier labels and workplace labels |
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4. Manufacturers’ labels and signal words
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a. Labels
b. Signal words – Required on labels of potentially hazardous products |
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a. Labels
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i. Required on all chemical product containers in the U.S.
ii. Must include name of product, manufacturer’s contact information, and warnings iii. May provide directions for use and handling, names of active ingredients, and first aid instructions |
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b. Signal words – Required on labels of potentially hazardous products
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i. CAUTION – Minor health effects, such as eye or skin irritation
ii. WARNING – Moderate hazards, such as significant health effects or flammability iii. DANGER – Highest degree of hazard, used for products with severe or deadly health effects, or products that explode when exposed to heat iv. POISON – Required in addition to DANGER on labels of highly toxic materials |
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5. Military markings
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a. Individualized by U.S. and Canadian militaries
b. Required in fixed facilities, but optional on military vehicles c. Not uniform; require caution d. May not be found at certain locations for security reasons |
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6. Pipeline identification
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a. Required when pipelines cross under (or over)roads, railroads, and waterways
b. Does not always show pipeline’s exact location c. Includes signal words CAUTION, WARNING, orDANGER d. Contains information describing pipeline’scontents, along with contact information for carrier |
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7. Pesticide labels
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a. Regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
b. Must contain manufacturer’s name for pesticide and one signal word i. DANGER/POISON – Highly toxic materials ii. WARNING – Moderately toxiciii. CAUTION – Relatively low toxicity iv. EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE – If contents have flash point below 80°F (27°C) c. List EPA registration number – Can be used to obtain information from manufacturer’s 24-hour emergency contact d. List establishment number that identifies manufacturing facility e. Other information may be found i. Routes of entry into the body ii. Precautionary statements iii. Active ingredients, listed by percentage iv. Requirements for storage and disposal v. First aid information vi. Antidotes for poisoning vii. Hazard statements indicating product poses an environmental hazard f. Material originating in Canada – Carry Pest Control Products (PCP) Act number |
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A. Written Resources
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1. Shipping papers
2. Safety data sheets 3. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) |
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1. Shipping papers
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a. Must accompany shipments of hazardous materials
b. Can be in the form of bill of lading, waybill, or similar document c. Location and type will change according to mode of transport d. Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest – Must accompany hazardous waste shipments e. Can be examined if close approach to an incident is safe f. Specifics i. Trucks and airplanes – Usually found near driver or pilot or attached to package in aircraft ii. Ships and barges – Called Dangerous Cargo Manifests; found on ship’s bridge or in pilothouse iii. Trains – Called train consists; found with train crew or with railroad |
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2. Safety data sheets
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a. Contain detailed information about a product or chemical
b. Prepared by manufacturer or importer c. Part of the Globally Harmonized System (GHS), currently being used by both U.S. and CanadaInstructor Note: Remind students that while the switch is being made to the GHS format, they may still encounter Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) that were used in the past. d. Often attached to shipping papers and containers e. Can be acquired from chemical manufacturers, suppliers, shippers, facility hazard communication plans, and emergency response centers f. Sections 1: Identification 2: Hazard(s) identification 3: Composition/information on ingredients 4: First aid measures 5: Fire fighting measures 6: Accidental release measures 7: Handling and storage 8: Exposure controls/personal protection 9: Physical and chemical properties 10: Stability and reactivity 11: Toxicological information 12: Ecological information 13: Disposal considerations 14: Transport information 15: Regulatory information 16: Other information |
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3. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
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a. Developed by TC, DOT, and Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes (SCT) of Mexico
b. For use by firefighters, law enforcement, and other emergency services who may be the first to arrive at the scene of a transportation incident involving dangerous goods/hazardous materials c. Guide to aid emergency responders in i. Quickly identifying the specific or generic hazards of materials involved in an emergency incident ii. Protecting themselves and the general public during the initial response phase of the incident d. Does not address all possible circumstances that may be associated with a dangerous goods/hazardous materials incident e. Primarily designed for use at a dangerous goods/hazardous materials incident occurring on a highway or railroad f. May be limited value in application at fixed-facility locations g. Should be used in conjunction with other resources – Contacting the appropriate emergency response agency, calling the emergency response number, or consulting shipping documents |
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A. Senses
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vision hearing smell taste touch other senses |
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1. Vision
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Safest to use
a. Indicators of physical or chemical actions/reactions of hazardous materials i. Spreading vapor cloud or smoke ii. Unusual colored smoke iii. Flames iv. Changes in vegetation v. Container deterioration vi. Containers bulging vii. Victims who are physical ill viii. Dead or dying birds, animals, insects, or fish ix. Discolored valves or piping |
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vision phyiscal action |
b. Physical actions – Do not change the materials’ elemental composition
i. Rainbow sheen on water surfaces ii. Wavy vapors over a volatile liquid iii. Frost or ice buildup near a leak iv. Containers deformed by the force of an accident v. Activated pressure-relief |
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vision Chemical reaction |
c. Chemical reactions – Convert one substance to another
i. Extraordinary fire conditions ii. Peeling or discoloration of a container’s finish iii. Spattering or boiling of unheated materials iv. Distinctively colored vapor clouds v. Smoking or self-igniting materials vi. Unexpected deterioration of equipment vii. Unexplained changes in ordinary materials viii. Symptoms of chemical exposure exhibited by victims or responders |
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2. Hearing
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a. Can provide clues
b. Hiss of gas escaping a valve at high pressure c. Pings and pops from heat-exposed vessels |
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3. Smell
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a. Can be used, but requires close contact with hazardous material
b. Most hazardous materials cannot be smelled, but odorants are added to make them easier to detect |
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4. Taste
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a. Can sometimes be used to detect hazardous material
b. Requires contact that is too close to be safe |
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5. Touch
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a. Most common – Temperature changes
b. Exothermic reaction produces heat c. Endothermic reaction causes temperature drop |
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6. Other people’s senses
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a. Changes in respiration
b. Changes in level of consciousness c. Abdominal distress d. Change in activity level e. Visual disturbances f. Skin changes g. Changes in excretion or thirst h. Pain |
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a. Changes in respiration
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i. Difficulty breathing
ii. Increase or decrease in respiration rate iii. Tightness in the chest iv. Irritation of the nose and throat v. Respiratory arrest |
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b. Changes in level of consciousness
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i. Dizziness
ii. Lightheadedness iii. Drowsiness iv. Confusion v. Fainting vi. Unconsciousness |
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c. Abdominal distress
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i. Nausea
ii. Vomiting iii. Cramping |
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d. Change in activity level
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i. Fatigue
ii. Weakness iii. Stupor iv. Hyperactivity v. Restlessness vi. Anxiety vii. Giddiness viii. Faulty judgment |
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e. Visual disturbances
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i. Double vision
ii. Blurred vision iii. Cloudy vision iv. Burning of the eyes v. Dilated or constricted pupils |
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f. Skin changes
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i. Burning sensations
ii. Reddening iii. Paleness iv. Fever v. Chills |
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g. Changes in excretion or thirst
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i. Uncontrolled tears
ii. Profuse sweating iii. Mucus flowing from the nose iv. Diarrhea v. Frequent urination vi. Bloody stool vii. Intense thirst |
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h. Pain
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i. Headache
ii. Muscle ache iii. Stomachache iv. Chest pain v. Pain in areas that came in contact with the hazard |
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Monitoring and Detection Devices
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1. Can be effective, but only if in actual contact with material
2. Can be used to determine presence and concentration of hazardous materials 3. Require specialized training |
