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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Wildland Interface.
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Wildland interface is any area where structures are located adjacent to, or among combustible wildland fuels.
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What are 3 types of wildland-urban areas:
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Large cities with forest/grassland areas, Low-density housing communities next to forest, Small-to-medium sized communities surrounded by forest.
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Edmonton’s River Valley is the largest stretch of urban parkland in North America with how many hectares
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7400 hectares (12 times larger than Central Park)
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Name the parts of a wildland fire? (9)
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Head, Fingers, Rear (Heel), Flanks, Perimeter, Islands, The Green, The Black, Spot Fire
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When EFRS issues a fire ban, who makes the decision?
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The Fire Marshal, in consultation with the Deputy Chief of Public Safety and the Fire Chief.
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What are the six components of the Fire Weather Index Rating System?
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Fine Fuel Moisture Code, Duff Moisture Code, Drought Code, Initial Spread Index, Build Up Index, Fire Weather Index
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What is a lookout?
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Defined as a member of a fire crew who is assigned to observe the fire.
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What is an anchor point?
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Defined as a safe place where you can start fighting the fire from.
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What are some examples of anchor points?
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Burnt over areas, Roads, Rivers, Non-Burnable areas
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What are escape routes?
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Safe routes to get out of the fire area in case a sudden change in situation that puts firefighters in danger are called ‘escape routes’.
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What are safety zones?
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Defined as locations where wildland firefighters can shelter from an approaching fire. Should have a radius equal to at least double the height of the adjacent fuel or the flame length, which ever is larger.
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What are some examples of safety zones?
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Near water sources, In the burned area, Down-slope from fire, Scrap away surface fuels down to mineral soils
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What are the 3 types of wildland fires?
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Aerial / Crown Fire, Surface Fire - Grasses <1 Meter and field crops (most common wildland fire), Ground Fire (wet areas 2.5-10cm and to 1m deep in dry areas)
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What does the rate of spread in Aerial/Crown Fire depend on?
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Types of trees, Density, Moisture, Results from high intensity surface fires, High winds (can move these fires along canopy ahead of surface fires)
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What are the 3 main factors influencing fire behavior?
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Fuel, Topography, Weather
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What makes up ground fuels?
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Twigs, leaves, and needles form ground litter that breaks down into decomposing duff.
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What are the two subcategories of surface fuels?
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Living - grasses, weeds, brush, saplings, and cultivated crops. Dead - deadfalls, twigs, leaves, cut logs, and any fallen debris (these are drier and burn more easily)
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What is the most changeable factor for influencing fire behaviour?
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Weather
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What 4 weather factors influence wildland fire behaviour?
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Wind, Temperature, Relative Humidity, Precipitation
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What is the 30/30 Crossover?
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A situation in which a relative humidity less than 30% and a temperature of 30 degrees C or above cause’s extreme fire behavior
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For every 11 degrees Celsius increase in temp, the relative humidity drops by how much?
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Drops by half
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Relating to wildland fires, explain the effect slope has on fire.
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Fires usually move faster uphill than down (the steeper the slope the faster it moves). A fire burning up-slope creates a draft that increases the rate of spread.
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Relating to wildland fires, explain the effect aspect has on fire.
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Aspect (direction of face) - Relates to the direction of the face of the surface. South facing slopes are driest and will have the fastest rate of spread.
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Relating to wildland fires, explain the effect chimneys/hollows have on fire.
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A chimney (an updraft effect) is caused by winds flowing through canyons or narrow valleys and causes rapid fire spread.
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What are 4 strategy considerations of wildland fires?
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Ranking Fires, Size-up, Methods of Attack, Mop-up the Fire
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How many ranks of wildland fires are there?
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6
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Describe the Rank 1-3 for wildland fires.
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Rank 1 - Smouldering Ground or Creeping Fires. Rank 2- Low Vigor Surface Fire. Rank 3 - Moderately Vigorous Surface Fire (not easily controlled with hand tools)
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Describe the Rank 4-6 for wildland fires.
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Rank 4 - Highly Vigorous Surface Fire (threat to crew safety). Rank 5 - Extremely Vigorous Fire or active Crown Fire (crew entrapment possible). Rank 6 - Blow-Up or Conflagration, Extreme Fire Behaviour (must evacuate)
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What are the 3 methods of information gathering while doing size up of wildland fire?
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Size-up while en-route (smoke, weather, water supply), Size-up on arrival (resources needed, what is it doing), Report on conditions (lookout reports, direction of spread, fuel type)
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What are the 2 methods of attack of wildland fires?
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1. Direct attack (flank attack, frontal attack, mobile attack) 2. Indirect Attack
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Direct frontal attacks on wildland fires are normally only attempted when flames are no higher than what?
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2.5 meters
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Describe Mobile Attack (a form of direct attack on a wildland fire).
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Mobile attack (also known as pump and roll) is a fast and efficient method of extinguishing wildland fires and is primarily used on grass fires. Typically one or more attack vehicles enter the Black at the heel and attack the fire along the burning edge from within.
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What is an indirect attack, as it relates to wildland fires?
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In indirect attack, fire fighters clear a Fire line down to the bare soil along a course that runs roughly parallel to the perimeter of the fire. Used when a direct attack is too risky.
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Mop-up is composed of what 2 actions?
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1. Burning the excess fuel that is not burnt 2. Removing the fuel so it cannot burn
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What is the objective of Mop-up the Fire?
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The objective of mop-up is to put out all fire embers or sparks to prevent them from crossing the Fire line
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What are the 3 R's of wildland firefighting?
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Retreat, Regroup, Reassess
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How should straw bale fires be dealt with?
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Open if safe to do so (enables faster burning), Only extinguish if threatening an exposure, Separate them from other bales and let them burn
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How should grain fires be dealt with?
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Let it burn, Prevent exposure fires
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How should brush pile fires be dealt with?
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Break the pile down, Move with heavy equipment, Let burn if safe
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What are some tools used to break apart materials?
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Heavy equipment, Pry Bars, Pike Poles, Bale Hooks, Piercing nozzles, pitch forks
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What wildland hose should be used for actively burning fires?
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38mm
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What wildland hose should be used for mop up and support?
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15mm yellow Econo-flo hose or 38mm
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Should wildland hose by rolled and placed in service while wet?
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Only during busy periods. Should be washed and dried during slower periods.
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Describe progressive hose lay.
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1. Starts hose lay at the rear (heel) of fire 2. Extend hose along flank 3. At end of hose length use hose strangler and connect additional hose lengths 4. Repeat as needed
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When pulling hose back to origin, is it easier to pull from the nozzle or the origin end?
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The origin end (this also does less damage to the hose)
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What type of foam does EFRS utilize?
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NIAGARA A-B (can be used for both Class A and B fires)
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List the various percentages and applications for Class A fires.
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0.1% - deep seated fires (penetration needed), 0.1-0.5% - grass fires, 0.5% - structural firefighting with fog nozzles and wildland fires using foam nozzles, 1.0% - Protecting structural exposures (walls/roofs)
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When mixing foam in backpack extinguisher (20L), how much foam concentrate do you put in?
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4 ounce bottle (added after water)
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When using a foam eductor tube in a 22.5L container, what is a good starting point for the foam percentage?
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0.2% - 0.5%, and then adjust from there
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What are some examples of hand tools used in wildland fires?
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Fire spade, Fire rake, Fire swatter, Pulaski
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What are some examples of hoseline equipment used in wildland fires?
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Hose strangler (for single jacket hose), Wye & shut off, Ball check valve (for hills), Gated wye, Water thief, 15mm variable nozzle, Medium expansion
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What is Spec 187 hose?
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38mm, non-weeping hose, 7.5m and 15m length
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What is Staflo hose?
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38mm, weeping hose, 30m length
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What is Econoflow hose?
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15mm, non-weeping hose, 15m length and 18mm connections
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What size hose is the hose mender designed for?
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38mm single jacket hose
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What flow (LPM) are the 38mm foam tubes?
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60 LPM
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What flow (LPM) are the 15mm foam tubes?
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32 LPM
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When pulling the trailer with the Kawasaki 3010 Mule, what speed should you stay under?
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16 kph
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How many liters of water does the wildland trailer hold?
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250L
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When using the Mini-Striker water pump to flow a foam solution, does the foam draw through the pump?
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Yes, this is why it's important to flush the pump
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What is the Ultra-Striker pump?
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The 3-stage pump carried on older, yellow ATP's
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What are some features of the Mini-Striker water pump?
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38mm hose threads, Can build pressure up to 655 kPa, Supplies 270 LPM, One outlet, 4-cycle engine, 1L fuel tank (last an hour), No output pressure gauge, Max 210m hose lay (to get adequate pressure)
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