Chp. 13

Front 1

Viruses are this, meaning that they can't live on their own, without a host.

Back 1

Obligate intracellular parasite

Front 2

Do viruses have DNA or RNA?

Back 2

One or the other, never both

Front 3

What do you call a virus that attacks bacteria?

Back 3

Bacteroiphage/phage

Front 4

What is phage therapy?

Back 4

Using bacteriophage to treat bacterial infections

Front 5

If a virus does not have the coreceptors to attach to a host, then:

Back 5

It cannot infect

Front 6

The protein coat that surrounds the virus and protects the nucleic acid is the:

Back 6

capsid

Front 7

Protein subunits that compose the capsid:

Back 7

capsomeres

Front 8

Can the nucleic acid of a virus be single stranded or double stranded?

Back 8

Can be both

Front 9

Is the nucleic acid of a virus circular or linear?

Back 9

Can be both

Front 10

In addition to the capsid, some viruses also have ___________.

Back 10

envelopes

Front 11

Envelopes are partially made from:

Back 11

host cell membranes

Front 12

________ on envelope is used for attachment and identification.

Back 12

Spikes

Front 13

What is a complete, fully developed, infectious viral particle surrounded by a protein coat outside of a host cell?

Back 13

virion

Front 14

What are short pieces of RNA without a protein coat that are found only in plants and don't code for any proteins?

Back 14

Viroid

Front 15

Shape of virus that is a long rod, either rigid or flexible.

Back 15

Helical

Front 16

Many faced virus; icosahedron shape

Back 16

Polyhedral

Front 17

Type of virus with more than 1 part; has a tail for attachment. Example is bacteriophage

Back 17

Complex viruses

Front 18

Both helical and polyhedral viruses can be:

Back 18

enveloped

Front 19

The name of a virus describes the _______ and ______.

Back 19

disease/host

Front 20

The genus name is:

Back 20

---virus

Front 21

The family name is:

Back 21

---viridae

Front 22

When growing bacteriophage in the lab, you use the ________ method.

Back 22

Plaque

Front 23

Measurement of holes left on plate from bacteriophages killing host:

Back 23

Plaque Forming Units (PFU)

Front 24

Why must we grow viruses in live animals? (2 reasons)

Back 24

#1 test drugs

#2 study immune response in animals

Front 25

How can you spot viral growth in embryonated eggs? (3)

Back 25

#1 lesions on egg membrane

#2 embryo cell damage

#3 death of embryo

Front 26

Why do we use embryonated eggs to grow virus?

Back 26

Can produce vaccines from this. Cheaper than live animal growth.

Front 27

What is the easiest way to grow viruses in a lab?

Back 27

Bacteriophage plaque method

Front 28

What is the most common way to grow viruses in a lab?

Back 28

Cell cultures

Front 29

What type of cell line is derived from a slice of tissue?

Back 29

primary cell line

Front 30

How long do primary cell lines last?

Back 30

Only a few generations

Front 31

What type of cell line is derived from human embryos?

Back 31

diploid cell lines

Front 32

How long do diploid cell lines last?

Back 32

100 generations

Front 33

What cell line is transformed cancerous cell lines that can last indefinitely?

Back 33

continuous cell lines

Front 34

Name the five stages of the Lytic cycle:

Back 34

1. Attachment

2. Penetration

3. Biosynthesis

4. Maturation

5. Release

Front 35

What is the extra step in animal virus replication?

Back 35

uncoating

Front 36

The extra step in animal virus replication is necessary because the ________ is penetrated into the host cell.

Back 36

capsid

Front 37

With RNA animal viruses, both the RNA and protein synthesis happen in the ____________.

Back 37

Cytoplasm

Front 38

Animal viruses leave host cell by:

Back 38

budding

Front 39

Because the cell membrane of new cell created during animal virus replication is created from the cell membrane of the host cell,:

Back 39

The immune system cannot detect the virus and cannot attack the newly released cell.

Front 40

Cancer cells are _____________________ growth.

Back 40

uncontrolled

Front 41

Normal genes found in everybody are called:

Back 41

protooncogenes

Front 42

These turn protooncogenes into cells that cause cancerous formations:

Back 42

Mutagenic agents

Front 43

Different types of mutagenic agents can be:

Back 43

chemical, viral, UV light

Front 44

These cause cancerous formations:

Back 44

oncongenes

Front 45

What is TSA?

Back 45

tumor specific agents

Front 46

A ____________ viral infection is always active.

Back 46

Persistant

Front 47

Infectious protein particle; causes neuronal infections; scrapie (sheep), BSE/mad cow disease, Kuru (humans), Creutzfeldt-Jajob (CJD) (humans)

Back 47

prion

Front 48

What are the 4 ways to identify viruses?

Back 48

1. serology - blood serum- antibodies find antigens

2. nucleic acid - genes specific to virus

3. microscopy - morphology

4. cell cultures - add viruses to culture and look for cytopathic effect

Front 49

What is the visible damage on a host cell caused by a virus, may result in host cell damage or death

Back 49

Cytopathic effect

Front 50

How do we categorize viruses?

Back 50

1. morphology

2. nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)

3. replication strategies (lytic or lysogenic)