Chp. 10: The Triumph Of White Men's Democracy

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Jacksonianism

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the wave of democracy that surrouded the country in the 1820-1830s. It was the belief that the people were truly sovereign and that everyone, well all white men anyway, were equal and had the same opportunities. Andrew Jackson came to represent this concept, so the term became known as Jacksonianism

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"Spoils System"

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the process of a president removing federal officeholders and replacing them with supporters of himself or his party. Although many president's had done this in the past, Jackson was the first one to defend it as an application of democracy.

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Indian Removal

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During Jackson's presidency, Indian Removal was a big deal. People wanted Indians removed from the lands of Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia and transported to land east of the Mississippi River. These actions were eventually carried out.

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Jackson's attitude towards Native Americans

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Jackson absolutely hated the Indians. He wanted to move them to the land east of the Mississippi and keep them totally separate from American society, even though they had tried really hard to adopt American ways. He eventually accomplished his goal, and even supported the states power to remove Indians, even though it went against the Constitution, and removed federal protection for the Indians.

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"Trail of Tears"

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the trail walked by 16,000 Cherokee Indians when they were removed from their home land in Georgia and forced to move to territory in Oklahoma under Jackson's presidency. 4,000 Cherokee died on the way.

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Nullification Crisis

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this occured mainly in the Southern states, particularly in South Carolina. It was the idea that the states could set aside a federal law and refuse to follow it. The issue really stemmed from slavery, and Southern states fearing that the federal government would take it away. But, the states used the protective tariff as a cover up. The crisis eventually ended when Congress reduced the tariff and Jackson threatened military force.

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The Bank War

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the differing views on the national bank during the Jacksonian era caused the Bank War. Jackson didn't like the bank, but there were some who did. When Biddle heard that Jefferson might take the Bank away, he proposed for a recharter 4 years early. This created even more division and eventually Jackson took it into his own hands to kill the national bank. The opposition over the national bank formed the Whigs.

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Peggy Eaton

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daughter of a washington tavern owner who married secretary of war John Eaton. cabinet members heavily gossiped about her moral character. Jackson defended her which caused him to replace cabinet appointees.

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Tariff of 1828

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known as tariff of abominations and created across the board increase in duties which angered southern free traders.

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Nicholas Biddle

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took over Bank presidency in 1823 and regained public confidence in the Bank. worried about Bank's recharter in 1836 and campaigned for the charter 4 years prior which turned fatal.

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Alexis de Tocqueville

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visited the U.S. in 1831-32. believed the essence of American democracy was in self government and foreshadowed that the issue of slavery would bring civil war.

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Voting Rights

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by the 1820s the states had accepted universal white male suffrage. participation in elections increased dramatically.

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"Self-Made Man"

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the decline of deference meant that self-made men of lowly origins could now rise more readily to positions of power and influence and that exclusiveness and aristocratic pretensions were likely to provoke popular hostility or scorn.

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Criticisms of the National Bank

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Exposed the government to control by foreign interests, served mainly to make the rich richer.

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Panic of 1837

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The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis in the United States built on a speculative fever.The end of the Second Bank of the United States had produced a period of runaway inflation, but on May 10, 1837 in New York City, every bank began to accept payment only in specie (gold and silver coinage), forcing a dramatic, deflationary backlash. This was based on the assumption by former president, Andrew Jackson, that government was selling land for state bank notes of questionable value. The Panic was followed by a five-year depression, with the failure of banks and then-record-high unemployment levels.

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Who were the Democrats?

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Supporters of Jackson. promoted the strength of the presidency and executive branch at the expense of Congress, while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in government. They demanded elected (not appointed) judges and rewrote many state constitutions to reflect the new values.

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Positive Liberal State”

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Broad political philosophy centered on the unalienable rights of the individual. The fundamental liberal ideals of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, right to due process and equality under the law, and separation of church and state are widely accepted as a common foundation across the spectrum of liberal thought.

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“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”

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Was a very popular and influential campaign song of the Whig Party's colorful Log Cabin Campaign in the 1840 United States presidential election. Its lyrics sang the praises of Whig candidates William Henry Harrison (the "hero of Tippecanoe") and John Tyler, while denigrating incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren.

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Kitchen Cabinet

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A group of unofficial advisers to the head of a government.

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"Two Party System".

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First really began in the election of 1840, and continued in the political world. While there was two parties between the republicans and federalists, it really began with the democrats and whigs. There was an equal liking on both sides. Being part of one political party or the other was very important.

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Voter Participation

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the election of 1824 there was only 27 percent of the white males voting, by 1828 it rose to 55 percent, by 1840 78 percent of the white males were voting.

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Impact of Trade Unions

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Leaders of trade Union argued that working people were being put under the dominance of their employers. To such the extent that equal rights were in danger. The working people did not like what they called the no working class such as the bankers. The people pf the trade unions began asking for a better education. Labor reformists worked with the cooperative production and called for a ten hour work day, abolishment of imprisonment of debt, and a currency system so the workers could no longer be paid in bank notes. During the 1830 groups emerged that earned better working hours, and conditions. And the work for womens rights.

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Tariff of Abominations

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A tariff that angered the southerners. Congress was opperating on a give and take process where the people who were for tariffs for farmers were for the tariffs for businesses, and the people who were for tariffs for businesses were for the tariffs for farmers. This is a legislative process known as logrolling.

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JQ Adams and Tariffs

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While people thought that the depression was caused by tariffs and the federal bank, JQA refused to think so. In 1826 men were hired to do something about the tariff issue. Jackson was part of this. It angered the south known as the tariff of abominations.

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Election of 1828

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Jackson began to organize campaigner in every county, important cities and towns. Along with Calhoun who wanted militant states rights. Large parties were thrown by candidates supporters.

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Whigs – party growth and platform

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The Whig Party was a political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Considered integral to the Second Party System and operating from the early 1830s to the mid-1850s, the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. This name was chosen to echo the American Whigs of 1776, who fought for independence and because "Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who saw themselves as opposing tyranny. The Whig Party counted among its members such national political luminaries as Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison, and their preeminent leader, Henry Clay of Kentucky. In addition to Harrison, the Whig Party also nominated war heroes generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. Abraham Lincoln was the chief Whig leader in frontier Illinois.

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“Specie Circular”

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The Specie Circular (Coinage Act) was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver.

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John Calhoun

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John Caldwell Calhoun was a leading politician and political theorist from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. A powerful intellect, Calhoun eloquently spoke out on every issue of his day, but often changed positions. Calhoun began his political career as a nationalist and proponent of protective tariffs; later, he switched to states' rights, limited government, nullification and free trade. He is best known for his intense and original defense of slavery as a positive good, for his promotion of minority rights, and for pointing the South toward secession from the Union.

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Worcester v Georgia

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Worcester v. Georgia was a case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester, holding that the Georgia criminal statute, prohibiting non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state, was unconstitutional

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Roger Taney

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Roger Brooke Taney was the fifth Chief Justice of the United States, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864. He was the first Roman Catholic to hold that office or sit on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was also the eleventh United States Attorney General. He is most remembered for delivering the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford that ruled, among other things, that African Americans, having been considered inferior at the time the Constitution was drafted, were not part of the original community of citizens and could not be considered citizens of the United States.

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Force Bill

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The Force Bill was initially enacted on March 2, 1833 to authorize U.S. President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce Federal tariffs. It was intended to suppress South Carolina's refusal to collect tariffs during the Nullification Crisis. Opponents of the bill referred to it as Jackson's Bloody Bill or War Bill. The bill was a work of political mastery on Jackson's part as it gave the President the authority to close ports or harbors at his will. This in turn would require opponents to the tariff to travel a distance to carry out any threats or insurrection against federal facilities. Hostile acts against government facilities or personnel would then be considered pre-meditated and blatant.