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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Partitions |
Hard drive divided into smaller units, need at least one Assigned drive letter to each |
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Formatting |
Install file system organization so OS can store files/folders Creates root directory (foundation for OS to build files/folders on) |
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Basic disk |
MBR or GPT partition (Dynamic disks are dynamically partitioned) |
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MBR |
Master boot record in first sector of hard drive Contains partition table (has location of OS & size, number of partitions) Up to 4 partitions |
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Partition boot sector |
In partition table, has info of its partition (like where OS is) One for each partition |
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Primary vs extended partitions |
Primary support bootable OS, extended are not bootable Single MBR disk can have 4 primary or 3 primary and 1 extended |
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Active partition |
Set partition to active in partition table allows BIOS to load correct OS only one active |
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Extended partition vs logical drive |
Logical drive in extended, gets drive letter unlike extended Format logical drive like primary part Can't boot from either |
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Volume vs partition |
Volume for dynamic drives Both are chunks of hard drive Unlimited volumes Volumes can do RAID, extended/spanned over multiple drives |
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GPT vs MBR |
GPT unlimited partitions and size (MBR- 2.2 TB p. part) |
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GPT |
GUID partition table LBA instead of sectors LBA 0 contains protective MBR in case disk utilities can't use GPT GPT header and partition entry array instead of MBR/partition table; two copies in front and at end of partitions (backup) Need UEFI to boot 64 bit windows |
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Hidden partition |
Hidden from OS BIOS tools to access If contains OS, called factory recovery partition |
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Swap partition |
Linux's version of page file (file vs partition to do virtual memory) |
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High/quick vs full formatting |
High/quick- creates FAT & blank root directory Full also tests every sector and marks bad ones |
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Sector |
Stores 513 bytes |
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FAT16 |
Data structure that holds two columns-address & status of each sector Limited to 32 MB, can only address 64 K of sectors Have to divide larger drives into 32> MB part Has backup copy of FAT |
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Clusters |
Used to improve FAT16 sectors are grouped into clusters and clusters are given address (still limit 64K) Sectors 512 bytes Cluster size determined by how big partitions are, bigger partition means more sectors in each cluster |
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Folders in cluster contain |
Filename, size, date/time, and starting cluster |
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Recycle bin |
Access hidden directory of "deleted" file To skip recycle bin, highlight file name, press shift key when delete |
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De fragment |
Programs: Disk defragment windows vista, 7 Optimize drive windows 8+ |
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FAT32 |
32 bits (instead of 16) to describe clusters-> can address more clusters-> less sectors p. cluster smaller cluster-less sectors wasted when storing files Supports parts up to 2TB Mostly used for<32 GB USB Limit 4GB file size |
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NTFS |
New technology file system uses master file table instead of FAT keeps backup copy in middle of disk Provides security, compression, encryption, disk quotas (limits users to amount of space in drive), can adjust cluster sizes Partitions up to 16 TB for dynamic, 2TB for basic disks |
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FAT64/exFAT |
Supports files up to 16EB 64 bits to address cluster entries |
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Linux file systems |
Ext3 Ext4-supports file sizes up to 16TB, volumes up to 1EB |
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.iso |
Image files of OS |
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Bootable media |
Can be partitioned & formatted Has OS (any software that can boot up system) |
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Initialize disk |
Places initialized info (info of drive, which system it belongs in, RAID) in drive Select MBR/GPT (default for new drives is basic disk) |
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Foreign drive |
When moved dynamic disk from one computer to another, r click to import |
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Partitioning |
Windows doesn't let you pick primary or extended First 3 made are primary |
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Windows partition |
>32 GB, ntfs |
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Simple volumes |
Cannot install OS in |
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Extending/shrink parts |
Can do on dynamic and basic (current windows) |
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Striped volumes |
Same size |
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Mount partitions as folders |
Instead of assigning drive letter, Mount point to blank NTFS folder or create new one |
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Splitting partitions |
Erase or shrink current partition to make two |
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Disk management can change |
Drive letter, path or mount point |
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Format partition |
Can do in file explorer Do it in disk management OS installation media part and format as part of installation |
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Storage pool |
Create in storage spaces program (search or in control panel) Erases drives then pools them into one (HDD, SSD, external...) Select resiliency mechanism (simple, mirror, or parity space) Thin provisioning |
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Parity vs mirror spaces |
Parity spaces have performance overhead, so use on big files that don't change(movies) Use ssd/HDD for mirrors |
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Error check disks |
Windows- "chkdsk" or "scandisk" commands, error check in disk's properties-tools tab mac- disk utility Linux- "fsck" command Checks bad cluster, filenames (correct or missing), links b.t parent and child files Fix file system errors fast, fix bad sectors slow Weekly |
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Disk cleanup |
Deletes files in recycling bin, temporary Internet/application files, program files Can compress files Monthly (like defrag) |
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Install drive |
Connectivity, CMOS, partition, format Allocation unit error-bad cluster, dying drive |
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Data corruption |
Error check utility to move data to good clusters If still happening, need better 3rd party utility to check sectors and update internal error map |
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Dying hard drive symptoms |
Read/write failures, noises, disappears If contains OS- failure to boot, system lock up |
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Fix dying hard drives |
System setup program to auto detect/see drive. If sees drive, maybe physical problem: Check power, mb controller, data cable |
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RAID failures |
Drive not recognized-check power/data connections Stops working- slow performance, crashes, or error message when reboot; replace failed drive and rebuild RAID, look through SMART to see why drive failed RAID not found- drives or controller failed |
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FAT entries |
Markings for: end of file, bad-sector, available, file's next cluster |
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USB Host controller |
Chipset Contains root hub Controls all USB devices Supports up to 127 devices |
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USB root hub |
Bus, like expansion bus Inside host controller Connects to USB ports Ports share power and bandwidth Bus powered USB devices take power from root hub |
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USB 1.1 |
Low speed- 1.5 Mbps Full speed- 12 Mbps |
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USB 2.0 |
Hi speed- 480 mbps Backward compatible with 1.1 Usually shares USB ports (same root hub) with 1.1 Adapter card to add 4/5 pin connector |
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USB 3.0 & 3.1 |
Super speed- 5gbps or 10 gbps (3.1 gen 2) Backward compatible with 2.0 Need correct speed device, cable and port 3.0 blue port, 3.1 teal 9/11 pin connector |
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USB connectors |
A, B, mini A/B, micro A/B, C |
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USB cable lengths |
5m for 1.1 & 2.0 Suggested 3m for 3.0 Extra shielding and improved electrical performance best |
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USB controllers |
In device manager Standard enhanced host controller- 2.0 Standard open HCD hc- 1.1 Extensible hc- 3.x |
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USB power |
500 mA per port usually Device manager- right click any USB hub- properties- power to see devices and power usage -Power management to allow comp turn off device for power saving |
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FireWire connectors |
6 pin powered connector, provides power 4 pin bus powered connector, doesn't provide power |
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FireWire speeds |
IEEE 1394a 400 Mbps IEEE 1394b 800 Mbps, slower than USB 3.0 |
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FireWire connections |
Bus mastering-FireWire devices connected to each other Daisy chain instead of have to connect to hub (USB) 63 devices max 4.5m cable length |
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Thunderbolt |
PCI express bus 6 devices Mini display port (mdp) 3m (copper) or 60m(fiber) Thunderbolt 1- 10 Gbps 2- 20 gbps |
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Turn on/off ports |
CMOS- find device & see port Device manager (black arrow down if off) |
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Keyboards |
Specialized keys need device driver Keyboard control panel applet or Keyboard preferences in system preferences (Mac) |
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KVM switch |
Multiple computers using one set of mouse keyboard and screen (or reverse) Connect one computer at a time |
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Cameras |
Connect USB, FireWire or built in digital media reader (SD card reader) 5mp-10mpixels best 3x+ optical zoom best Digital zoom not good Webcams- 2 million mpixels minimum, 30 frames p sec + best Driver and use correct port for speed |
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MIDI |
Text file .mid Produces standardized sound based on hardware using it |
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AC'97 |
Lower end sound card standard 6 channels 48 KHz 20 bit |
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HDA |
Intel sound card standard 8 channel 192 KHZ 32 bit Multiple streams of audio from one computer |
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Sound system standards |
Stereo- 2 speakers 2.1- stereo +subwoofer 5.1/Dolby/DTS- 5 channels+subwoofer SPDIF connection to directly connect 5.1 system to sound card instead of multiple cables |
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Video capture |
Need lots of RAM and hard drive Digital signal (from modern camcorder) or analog connection/translation hardware Software w video codecs (compressing algorithms) & wrappers (container file) |
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Computer & TV |
Need Turner device (expansion card or USB), antenna/cable connection, tuning application/software Smart TV (TV that has network connection) Set top box (handles internet connection & interface) |
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CF |
Compact flash Oldest flash card, can be microdrive |
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Secure digital |
Standard SD, mini, micro Standard 4MB-4GB SD High capacity 4GB-32GB SDXC 32 GB- 2TB developed from multi media card MMC |
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CD ROM |
ISO 9660 file format aka CDFS Listed speeds are maximum, written in multiples of orig 150 KBps speed |
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CD R |
650 MB (74 min) or 700 MB (80 min) CD r drive can read CD ROM vice versa can burn one CD in multiple sessions Listed: Record speed, read speed (8x24x) |
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CD RW |
RW drives most popular, can burn CD r Listed: Write speed, rewrite speed, read speed (8x4x24x) UDF replace ISO 9660 packet writing allows easy add/delete files on optic media |
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DVD capacities |
Ss-single sided Sl-single layered SS/SL 4 GB SS/DL 8 GB DS/SL 8,GB DS/DL 16 GB |
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ATAPI compliant |
Able to plug in and use ATA controllers (optical drives) |
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DVD r |
Recordable or rewriteable (RW) DVD RW DL common Most common drive is ROM Not all players read all formats |
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Remote disc |
Apple capability to read optical media from optical drive in another system |
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BD capacities |
Standard SL 25 GB Standard DL 50 GB mini SL 7.8 GB mini DL 15.6 GB |
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BD |
Blue Ray Higher resolutions Supports more video compression schemes ROM drives backward compatible with DVD & CD R- recordable RE- rewritable |
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Thick client |
Meets hardware requirements for modern os |
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Thin client |
Biggest concern is network connectivity |
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Virtualization workstation |
Max ram most important Good CPU Runs more than one os on one system |
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Graphics workstation |
Fast, multicore CPU Max ram High end video components Specialized software (adobe Photoshop) Large, high quality monitor |
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Audio editing workstations |
Fast, multicore CPU Max ram Large monitor Large, fast hard drive Audio interface (box connects PC & audio equipment-microphones)Control surface (mixing consoles) Control surface (mixing consoles) |
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Video editing workstations |
2+ color calibrated monitors Powerful CPU, max ram High speed, high capacity hard drives in RAID array for better speed & capacity Professional level graphics cards Audio interface & control surfaces (audio editing) Video interfaces (connect to cameras) Custom keyboards |
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Home server pc |
3 discrete functions: media streaming, file sharing, print sharing Fast network connection Fault tolerant and high capacity storage (RAID 1/10, storage spaces for RAID array) Fast CPU Wired gigabit Ethernet NIC (limit wireless connections) |
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Share printer |
Devices & printers (control panel), printer properties, sharing tab |
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Media streaming server for PC |
Control panel, network and sharing center, advanced settings |
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Home theater pc |
Monitor/tv/projector Surround sound speakers connected to stereo receiver by S/PDIF Home theater PC Network connectivity (cable box/Ethernet, wired best) TV tuner Software (Kodi, Plex, windows media center) |
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HTPC |
Home theater PC Get case that's htpc style |
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Windows 10 media |
No windows media center or DVD playback |
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Successful installation results |
Properly formatted boot drive w correct partitions/formats |
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Boot methods |
DVD most common Any external/hot swappable drives Internal hard drive partition/recovery partition Change boot order in CMOS or press hot keys at power on |
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Clean installation |
Onto empty drive or replace existing installation Partition & format drive as part of installation |
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Upgrade installation |
Inherits previous hardware and software settings (data, applications, personal settings) Aka In place/repair installation Shut down all apps Run installation disc while old os is running |
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Windows upgrade advisor |
Assistant tool that scans hardware to see if it can handle os upgrade Search & download |
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Multiboot installation |
Multiple os and can pick which to load Put on different partitions Format all partitions with os the same Install os's from oldest to newest, or windows to other |
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Boot camp |
Apple tool to install Windows on Apple machine |
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Remote network installation |
When many computers need to be configured identically Usually unattended installation (installation finishes on its own) Computers connect to server that hosts image to install Enable PXE Change boot order to network first Or create boot media that forces your PC to boot from network Reboot and press hot key, can select from multiple images |
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Image deployment |
Image: copy of hard drive volume w. installed os & apps Deployed by disc, USB... |
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Upgrade paths |
Match bit size of old os to new osCan always do clean install os Can always do clean install |
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Product key |
Tells installation disc which version to install 30 days to enter |
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PXE |
Preboot execution environment Enable computer to boot from network location BIOS system setup, NIC configuration, enable Change boot order to network first |
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Netboot |
Apple tool that allows installation for Mac os over network |
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Windows doesn't detect RAID |
Driver issue |
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Install drivers during os installation |
Press F6 early during installation process to be prompted to install drivers |
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No boot device present- os installation |
Bad disc or change boot order |
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Not ready error on optical drive |
Slow optical drive or bad disc Press r to retry |
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Hardware abstraction layer |
HAL Layer of software tailored specifically for certain hardware Windows has HAL, make sure hardware is compatible for installation |
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os installation lock up |
Unplug computer and restart installation |
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Log files |
Text files created by windows Stored in windows directory (where os is installed) |
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Post installation tasks |
Patches, service packs, upgrade drivers, restore user data files, migrate/retire systems |
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User state migration tool |
Runs in window server active directory domain Migrates many users |
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Windows easy transfer |
Migrate user data and personalizations quickly In system tools (vista/7) Or start screen search (8/8.1) Not 10 |
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Migration practices |
1. Migrate user & data info to secure environment (new system isn't always secure, check) 2. Remove data from old hard drives 3. Recycle old drives |
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Data destruction |
Physically destroy or sanitize drive with software Professional hard drive disposal services provide certificate of destruction |
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Sanitize drives |
Drives empty and can still function Low level formatting aka zero fill/overwrite operation (fills drive with 0s) Drive wiping utility fills drive with junk |
