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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Colonisation of land: |
- Lungs - Sarcoptergii = development of digits, weight bearing elbows and bending wrists -Inovations for the colonisation land: - Flatter skull + eyes on head - Pelvic girdle = locomotion - Vertebral column = more articulated for supporting structures - Mobile neck |
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Key evolutionary/ancestral traits: |
- Eumetazoan - Bilateral - Triploblastic - Deuterostomia |
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Defining chordate features: |
- Notochord = felixible rod - Dorsal, hollow nerve cord = becomes brain and spinal cord - Post anal tail = lost in many sp. - Pharyngeal slits = becomes jaws, gills e.g. - Endostyle = groove on pharynx
Clade Criniata: Skull Subphylum Vertebrata Clade Gnathostoma = jawed
Clade Tetrapoda = 4 legs (all besides fish) Clade Amniota = egg (reptilia + aves) Defining features of a vertebrate: - Vertebral column - Cranium - Endoskeleton - Muscular locomotion |
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Class Mammalia: |
- Mammary glands = nourishment - Sweat glands = thermoregulation - Fur/hair = insulation - Heterodonty = jaws with specialised teeth - 3 ear bones = high frequencies - Complex large brains - Diaphragm = respiration - Endothermic - 4 chambered heart - Most viviparous - Parental care - Dioecious |
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Sublcasses in Class Mammalia: |
- Eutheria = placental - Metatheria = pouch - Prototheria = monotremata |
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Subclass Prototheria: |
- Order Monotremata - Oviparous - Suckles milk from a patch - Monotremes - Platypus + Echidna - |
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Subclass Metatheria: |
- Marsupials = pouch - 7 Orders - Order Diprotodontia = kangaroos, wallabies e.g. - Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus) |
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Subclass Eutheria: |
- Placentals - Viviparous - Long pregnancy Order examples: - Proboscidea = African elephant (Loxodonta africana) - Rodentia = Black Rat (Rattus rattus) - Lagomorpha = Artic hare (Lepus arcticus) - Primates = Western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) - Carnivora |
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Order Carnivora: |
Family: - Canidae = Grey Wolf (Canis lupis), Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
- Felidae = Tiger (Panthera tigris), African lion (Panthera leo) - Mustelidae = European otter (Lutra lutra), Badger (Meles meles) - Felidae = Tiger (Panthera tigris), African lion (Panthera leo) - Ursidae = American black bear (Ursus americanus), Brown bear (Ursus arctos) - Ursidae = American black bear (Ursus americanus), Brown bear (Ursus arctos)
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Order Perissodactyla: |
- Odd toed ungulates - Family equidae - Mountain zebra (Equus zebra) |
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Order Artiodactyla: |
- Even toed ungulates - Family Bovidae - American bison (Bison bison) |
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Superclass Osteichthyes |
- Bony fish - Symmetrical tail - Operculum - Swim bladder = buoyancy Includes classes: - Actinopterygii = ray finned fishes - Sarcoptergii = love finned fishes |
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Class Chondrichthyes: |
- Cartilaginous skeleton - Caudal fin - Large oiled filled liver = buoyancy- Ventral mouth- Rough skin ancy - Ventral mouth - Rough skin
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Class Chondrichthyes: |
Two subclasses: - Holocephali = chimaeras - Elasmobranchii = Sharks, rays + skates
Superorders: - Galea = advanced sharks, anal fin - Squalea = ancestral sharks, no anal fin - Blatoidea = skates + rays |
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Superorder Galea: |
Order Lamniformes: mackerel sharks - Large sharks - Great white (Carcharodon carcharias)
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Superorder Blatoidea: |
Order Rajiformes: skates - Common skate (Dipturus batis) |
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Class Sarcopterygii: |
Order: Coelocanthiformes - Fleshy lobed fins - Candidate for tetrapod evolution - Indonesian Coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis) |
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Class Actinopterygii: |
Orders: - Perciformes - Gadiformes = Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) - Salmoniformes = Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) + More |
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Order Perciformes: |
- Vary in morphology (torpedo shaped = speed) - Colour = iridiophores - Diverse feeding behaviour - Diverse reproductive behaviour - Different parental care - Different defence strategies = mucus, spines, aposematic colouration Atlantic bluefish tuna (Thunnus thynnus) |
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Class Amphibia: |
- Development of limbs, lungs + 3 chambered heart - Moist skin = protection, sensation - Respiration = skin, lungs, mouth + gills - Aquatic/moist habitat - Non amniotes - Reproductive strategy = viviparity
Orders: - Anura = frogs/toads - Caudata = Salamanders/newts - Apoda = Caecilians |
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Order Anura: |
- Without tail - 5 digits - No claws - Urostyle fused skeleton - Carnivores - External fertilisation - Crypsis + Aposematic = defence - Metamorphosis = complete - Some have poisonous mucus
Common Toad (Bufo bufo) |
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Order Caudata: |
- Have tail - Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) - External fertilisation in primitive sp. but internal in more evolved species - Defence = aposematic |
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Class Reptilia: |
- Amniotic egg - Most ovoviviparous - Internal fertilisation - Lungs = air sacs - Scaly skin - Ectothermic - Water conserving kidneys - 3 chambered heart
Orders: - Testudines = turtles/tortoises - Squamata = lizards + snakes - Crocodylia = crocs + alligators
Squamata = suborders = Sauria (lizards) and Serpentes (snakes) |
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Order Squamata: |
- Scales - Floating lower jaws - 2 Hemipenes
Suborder Sauria: - 4 legs - Heavy armour, aposematic, teeth, whip like tail, mimicry, venomous, crypsis e.g. - Green Iguana (Iguana iguana)
Suborder Serpentes: - Legs lost - Extendable trachea - Forked tongue - Infrared pits - Venom - Warning displays - Grass snake (Natrix natrix) |
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Order Testudines: |
- Turtles and tortoises - Omnivores - 4 legs - keratin beak - Shell - Oviparous - Internal fertilisation - Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) |
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Order Crocodylia: |
- Crocs + alligators + caimans - Semi aquatic - Carnivores - Ectothermic - 4 legs - Scales - Ambush predators - Gold eyesight - Nostril and ear flaps = block water when diving - Heavy muscular tail - Powerful jaws - 4 chambered heart Freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni) |
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Class Aves |
Fossils indicate birds evolved from small theropods (bipedal dinosaurs), which had feathers that served as insulation - Two theories on how theropods evolved flight: 'Ground up' or 'Tree down'
Features:- Feathers = made of keratin = flight, insulation, communication, crypsis - Thin, hollow bones = lighter - Bone struts = provide support + protection against pressure in flight - Toothless beak/bill = lighter, modified depending on niche - Furcula = support skeleton - Keel = strength, withstand flight pressure - Tail feathers = long for stability - Syrinx = voice box |
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Other Aves characteristics: |
- Many bones reduced/lost/fused = lighter - Wide pelvic girdle = balance - Symmetrical, torpedo shaped body = streamlined = less drag - No pinna = external ear- Internal reproductive organs (cloaca) - Big, strong pectoral muscles = force for flight - Adula = prevents flight stalling - Endothermic = fast metabolism - Four chambered heart = efficient circulation for flight - Large lungs and air sacs = gas exchange- Heat conserving plumage = less energyused to keep warm - Waste is uric acid = lighter waste, no faeces + urine |
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Class Aves orders: |
- Passeriformes = perching birds - Falconiformes = falcons - Strigiformes = owls - Galliformes = game birds, chicken-like - Apodiformes = swifts + hummingbirds - Anseriformes = waterfowl, ducks e.g. - Colombiformes = pigeons + doves
+ Many more |
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Order Passeriformes: |
- Largest diverse order - Three forward facing toes - One backward facing toe for perching - Developed vocal organs = courtship, defence- Elaborate nests = courtship
Families include: - Corvidae = crows = Magpie (Pica pica) - Passeridae = sparrows = Great tit (Parus major) |
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Order Anseriformes: |
- Aquatic habitat - Webbed feet for paddling - Counter current heat exchange system in legs = higher core body temp in cold water - Imprinting - Flocking behaviour (most sp.) - Many migratory
Includes: - Greylag goose (Anser anser) - Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) |
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Order Strigiformes: |
- Most nocturnal - Raptors- Large, facing forward eyes = better night vision - Large ear openings = improved hearing - Dense, soft plumage
Includes: Barn owl (Tyto alba) |
